Habituation and the reinforcing effectiveness of visual stimuli

Lloyd, D. R.; Gancarz, Amy M.; Ashrafioun, Lisham; Kausch, Michael A.; Richards, Jerry B.

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.07.007

Cited by 27 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The decrease in IR observed from Block 1 to Block 2, and the increase in HR observed from Block 1 to Block 2 represent long-term habituation of reinforcer effectiveness, and potentiation of habituation of reinforcer effectiveness, respectively. These findings have previously been reported by both our laboratory (Lloyd, Gancarz, et al, 2012) and others (McSweeney et al, 1996). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The apparatus and procedures used in this experiment have previously been found to reliably produce light reinforced responding (Gancarz, Ashrafioun, et al, 2012; Gancarz, Robble, Kausch, Lloyd, & Richards, 2012, 2013; Lloyd, Gancarz, et al, 2012; Lloyd, Kausch, Gancarz, Beyley, & Richards, 2012). We selected 0.75 mg/kg METH for this experiment because it was within the range of known effective doses (Gancarz, Ashrafioun, et al, 2012), and we selected the NIC dose of 0.4 mg/kg because this dose was found to effectively increase light reinforced responding (Palmatier et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nicotine and methamphetamine disrupt habituation of sensory reinforcer effectiveness in male rats.

Lloyd¹,

Hausknecht²,

Richards³

2014

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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The reinforcing effectiveness of a sensory stimulus such as light-onset rapidly habituates (Lloyd, Gancarz, Ashrafioun, Kausch, & Richards, 2012). According to memory-based theories, habituation occurs if a memory exists for perceived stimulation, and dishabituation occurs if a memory does not exist and the stimulation is “unexpected.” According to Redgrave and Gurney (2006), unexpected response-contingent sensory stimuli increase phasic firing of dopamine neurons, providing a sensory error signal that reflects the difference between perceived and expected stimuli. Together, memory-based theories of habituation and the sensory error signal hypothesis predict a disruption (slowing) of habituation rate by novel response-contingent sensory stimulation or by artificial increases in dopamine neurotransmission by stimulant drugs. To test these predictions, we examined the effects of stimulant drugs on both the operant level of responding (snout-poking) and operant responding for a sensory reinforcer (light-onset) presented according to a fixed ratio 1 schedule. Robust within-session decreases in responding indicating habituation were observed. The effects of stimulant drugs (saline, n = 10; nicotine, 0.40 mg/kg, n = 10; and methamphetamine, 0.75 mg/kg, n = 9) on habituation in rats were determined. Nicotine was found to decrease habituation rate and did not affect response rate, while methamphetamine decreased habituation rate and increased response rate. In addition, introduction of a novel visual stimulus reinforcer decreased habituation rate and increased responding. These findings show that habituation of reinforcer effectiveness modulates operant responding for sensory reinforcers, and that stimulant drugs may disrupt normally occurring habituation of reinforcer effectiveness by increasing dopamine neurotransmission.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and methamphetamine disrupt habituation of sensory reinforcer effectiveness in male rats.

Lloyd¹,

Hausknecht²,

Richards³

2014

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…That said, nicotine also enhanced the responding for an unpaired stimulus, which reflects the possibility that nicotine enhances the reinforcing properties of stimuli that have not been paired with reward as well, such as has been shown by others (Palmatier et al 2013). The initial reinforcing properties of these stimuli are likely to be important for this effect, because nicotine and other stimulants may disrupt the habituation to the sensory reinforcement maintained by a variety of stimuli (Lloyd et al 2012; 2014a; 2014b). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol

2016

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Rationale Some individuals are particularly responsive to reward-associated stimuli (“cues”), including the effects of these cues on craving and relapse to drug-seeking behavior. In the cases of nicotine and alcohol, cues may acquire these abilities via the incentive-enhancing properties of the drug. Objectives To determine the interaction between cue-responsivity and nicotine reinforcement, we studied the patterns of nicotine self-administration in rats categorized based on their tendency to approach a food predictive cue (“sign-trackers”) or a reward-delivery location (“goal-trackers”). In a second experiment, we determined whether nicotine and ethanol altered the incentive value of a food cue. Methods Rats were classified as sign- or goal-trackers during a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm. Rats then self-administered intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg infusions) followed by extinction and cue induced reinstatement tests. We also tested the effects of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base s.c.) or ethanol (0.7 g/kg i.p.) on the approach to, and reinforcing efficacy of, a food cue. Results Sign-trackers showed greater reinstatement in response to a nicotine cue. Further, nicotine enhanced sign-tracking but not goal-tracking to a food cue, and also enhanced responding for the food cue during the conditioned reinforcement test. Conversely, ethanol reduced sign-tracking and increased goal-tracking, but had no effect on conditioned reinforcement. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that the tendency to attribute incentive value to a food cue predicts enhanced cue-induced reinstatement. Additionally, the incentive value of food cues is differentially modulated by nicotine and ethanol, which may be related to the reinforcing effects of these drugs.

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“…Rats were tested in in locally constructed experimental chambers (Lloyd et al , 2012), with stainless steel grid floors, enclosed in light and sound attenuating boxes. The test panel contained two liquid feeder ports.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

King

Militello

Hart

et al. 2017

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Genome-wide association studies in humans have suggested that variants of the cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene are associated with substance use disorder, subjective response to amphetamine, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To examine the role of the Cdh13 and its peptide ligand adiponectin (AdipoQ) in addiction-related behaviors, we assessed Cdh13 knock-out rats and AdipoQ knock-out mice using intravenous cocaine self-administration and conditioned place preference paradigms. During intravenous cocaine self-administration, male Cdh13 heterozygous (+/−) and knock-out (−/−) rats showed increased cue-induced reinstatement compared to wild-type rats when presented with a cocaine-paired stimulus, whereas female Cdh13 rats showed no differences across genotype. Cdh13 −/− rats showed higher responding for a saccharin reinforcer and learned the choice reaction time task more slowly than wild-types. However, we found no differences between Cdh13 −/− and +/+ rats in responding for sensory reinforcement, number of premature responses in the reaction time task, tendency to approach a Pavlovian food cue, conditioned place preference and locomotor activation to cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg). In AdipoQ −/− mice there was a significant increase in conditioned place preference to methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) but not to a range of d-amphetamine doses (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdh13 and AdipoQ regulate sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants and palatable rewards without producing major changes in other behaviors. In humans, these two genes may regulate sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, thus influencing susceptibility to the conditioned drug effects and relapse.

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Habituation and the reinforcing effectiveness of visual stimuli

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Nicotine and methamphetamine disrupt habituation of sensory reinforcer effectiveness in male rats.

Nicotine and methamphetamine disrupt habituation of sensory reinforcer effectiveness in male rats.

The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

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