Habituation of reinforcer effectiveness

Lloyd, D. R.; Medina, Douglas J.; Hawk, Larry W.; Fosco, Whitney D.; Richards, Jerry B.

doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00107

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…S3), and subjects habituate to sensory reinforcement at similar rates. These data are consistent with previous results with outbred rats indicating that responding for light onset rapidly habituates (Lloyd et al , 2012, Lloyd et al , 2014), and thus suggests that Cdh13 is unlikely to be involved in sensation seeking and sensory habituation. Taken together, under normal circumstances Cdh13 may regulate engagement with environmental rewards and behaviors directed towards acquiring them.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

King

Militello

Hart

et al. 2017

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Genome-wide association studies in humans have suggested that variants of the cadherin-13 (CDH13) gene are associated with substance use disorder, subjective response to amphetamine, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To examine the role of the Cdh13 and its peptide ligand adiponectin (AdipoQ) in addiction-related behaviors, we assessed Cdh13 knock-out rats and AdipoQ knock-out mice using intravenous cocaine self-administration and conditioned place preference paradigms. During intravenous cocaine self-administration, male Cdh13 heterozygous (+/−) and knock-out (−/−) rats showed increased cue-induced reinstatement compared to wild-type rats when presented with a cocaine-paired stimulus, whereas female Cdh13 rats showed no differences across genotype. Cdh13 −/− rats showed higher responding for a saccharin reinforcer and learned the choice reaction time task more slowly than wild-types. However, we found no differences between Cdh13 −/− and +/+ rats in responding for sensory reinforcement, number of premature responses in the reaction time task, tendency to approach a Pavlovian food cue, conditioned place preference and locomotor activation to cocaine (10 or 20 mg/kg). In AdipoQ −/− mice there was a significant increase in conditioned place preference to methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) but not to a range of d-amphetamine doses (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). Taken together, these data suggest that Cdh13 and AdipoQ regulate sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants and palatable rewards without producing major changes in other behaviors. In humans, these two genes may regulate sensitivity to natural and drug rewards, thus influencing susceptibility to the conditioned drug effects and relapse.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

King

Militello

Hart

et al. 2017

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…For example, IC rats may display greater locomotor activity during the IEN test due to a slower rate of habituation. While the current experiment did not explore the relationship between novelty seeking, habituation, and differential housing, future experiments should be designed to explore this relationship as recent literature suggests that habituation rate predicts a variety of clinical outcomes, including addiction (Lloyd et al, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential housing and novelty response: Protection and risk from locomotor sensitization

Garcia

Haddon

Saucier

et al. 2017

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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High novelty seeking increases the risk for drug experimentation and locomotor sensitization. Locomotor sensitization to psychostimulants is thought to reflect neurological adaptations that promote the transition to compulsive drug taking. Rats reared in enrichment (EC) show less locomotor sensitization when compared to rats reared in isolation (IC) or standard conditions (SC). The current research study was designed to test if novelty response contributed locomotor sensitization and more importantly, if the different housing environments could change the novelty response to protect against the development of locomotor sensitization in both adolescence and adulthood. Experiment 1: rats were tested for their response to novelty using the inescapable novelty test (IEN) and pseudorandomly assigned to enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC) housing conditions for 30 days. After housing, they were tested with IEN. Rats were then administered amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline and locomotor activity was measured followed by a sensitization test 14 days later. Experiment 2: rats were tested in the IEN test early adulthood and given five administrations of amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg) or saline and then either stayed in or switched housing environments for 30 days. Rats were then re-tested in the IEN test in late adulthood and administered five more injections of their respective treatments and tested for locomotor sensitization. Results indicate that IC and SC increased the response to novelty. EC housing decreased locomotor response to amphetamine and saline, and SC housing increased the locomotor response to amphetamine. Mediation results indicated that the late adult novelty response fully mediates the locomotor response to amphetamine and saline, while the early adulthood novelty response did not. Conclusions Differential housing changes novelty and amphetamine locomotor response. Novelty response is altered into adulthood and provides evidence that enrichment can be used to reduce drug vulnerability.

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“…That said, nicotine also enhanced the responding for an unpaired stimulus, which reflects the possibility that nicotine enhances the reinforcing properties of stimuli that have not been paired with reward as well, such as has been shown by others (Palmatier et al 2013). The initial reinforcing properties of these stimuli are likely to be important for this effect, because nicotine and other stimulants may disrupt the habituation to the sensory reinforcement maintained by a variety of stimuli (Lloyd et al 2012; 2014a; 2014b). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol

2016

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Rationale Some individuals are particularly responsive to reward-associated stimuli (“cues”), including the effects of these cues on craving and relapse to drug-seeking behavior. In the cases of nicotine and alcohol, cues may acquire these abilities via the incentive-enhancing properties of the drug. Objectives To determine the interaction between cue-responsivity and nicotine reinforcement, we studied the patterns of nicotine self-administration in rats categorized based on their tendency to approach a food predictive cue (“sign-trackers”) or a reward-delivery location (“goal-trackers”). In a second experiment, we determined whether nicotine and ethanol altered the incentive value of a food cue. Methods Rats were classified as sign- or goal-trackers during a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm. Rats then self-administered intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg infusions) followed by extinction and cue induced reinstatement tests. We also tested the effects of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg base s.c.) or ethanol (0.7 g/kg i.p.) on the approach to, and reinforcing efficacy of, a food cue. Results Sign-trackers showed greater reinstatement in response to a nicotine cue. Further, nicotine enhanced sign-tracking but not goal-tracking to a food cue, and also enhanced responding for the food cue during the conditioned reinforcement test. Conversely, ethanol reduced sign-tracking and increased goal-tracking, but had no effect on conditioned reinforcement. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that the tendency to attribute incentive value to a food cue predicts enhanced cue-induced reinstatement. Additionally, the incentive value of food cues is differentially modulated by nicotine and ethanol, which may be related to the reinforcing effects of these drugs.

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Habituation of reinforcer effectiveness

Cited by 42 publications

References 122 publications

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning

Differential housing and novelty response: Protection and risk from locomotor sensitization

The tendency to sign-track predicts cue-induced reinstatement during nicotine self-administration, and is enhanced by nicotine but not ethanol

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