Inhibitory effects of drinker and nondrinker prototypes on adolescent alcohol consumption.

Gerrard, Meg; Gibbons, Frederick X.; Reis-Bergan, Monica; Trudeau, Linda; Lune, Linda S. Vande; Buunk, Bram P.

doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.6.601

Cited by 167 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The hypothesized process is that after viewing persons smoking in movies, a teen will tend to view smokers as more attractive, and hence be more inclined to socialize with persons who smoke, which is a risk factor for onset of smoking (e.g., Gerrard et al, 2002;Wills & Cleary, 1999). This is predicted to be another pathway for the impact of movie exposure on adolescent smoking.…”

Section: Expectancies and Affiliationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movie smoking exposure and smoking onset: A longitudinal study of mediation processes in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents.

Wills¹,

Sargent²,

Stoolmiller³

et al. 2008

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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The authors tested 2 mechanisms for the relation of movie smoking exposure with onset of cigarette smoking in adolescence. Longitudinal data with 8-month follow-up were obtained from a representative sample of 6,522 U.S. adolescents, ages 10-14 years. Structural modeling analysis based on initial nonsmokers, which controlled for 10 covariates associated with movie exposure, showed that viewing more smoking in movies was related to increases in positive expectancies about smoking and increases in affiliation with smoking peers, and these variables were both related to smoking onset. A direct effect of movie exposure on smoking onset was also noted. Mediation findings were replicated across cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Tests for gender differences indicated that girls showed larger effects of movie exposure for some variables. Implications for policy and prevention research are discussed. Keywordssmoking; adolescents; movies; expectancies; peers It is known that there is an effect of movie exposure to smoking cues on smoking uptake by younger adolescents; that is, youth who view more occurrences of cigarette smoking in movies are more likely to smoke. An effect of movie exposure on adolescent smoking has been shown in cross-sectional research with several populations (Hanewinkel & Sargent, 2007;, and longitudinal studies have demonstrated that movie exposure precedes initiation of smoking Distefan, Pierce, & Gilpin, 2004;Jackson, Brown, & L'Engle, 2007). This topic is of public health significance because a substantial proportion of early initiators go on to become dependent smokers who have great difficulty in quitting (e.g., Correspondence Anthony, Warner, & Kessler, 1994;Breslau, Fenn, & Peterson, 1993). In view of the extensive exposure to smoking in movies (Sargent, Tanski, & Gibson, 2007) and the susceptibility of younger adolescents to media influences (Shadel, Niaura, & Abrams, 2002), it is important to understand how movies influence smoking during early adolescence.An effect of movie exposure on adolescent smoking has been demonstrated with control for important covariates, variables that are correlated with movie exposure and also are related to adolescent smoking Sargent et al., 2001). So, the basic effect is not readily attributable to confounding of movie exposure with these factors. However, theoretical questions about how this effect occurs need to be addressed. A question of particular interest to addiction research is whether environmental exposures operate through a direct effect, not involving any other processes, or whether they set in motion intermediate processes that are involved in smoking onset, that is, a mediated effect (MacKinnon, 2006;MacKinnon, Taborga, & Morgan-Lopez, 2002). On the basis of work suggesting that distal exposures may operate through indirect effects (Wills et al., 2001;Wills, Pierce, & Evans, 1996), we have proposed that movie exposure will have indirect effects on adolescent smoking. In the following sections, we discuss the theoretical ratio...

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Section: Expectancies and Affiliationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movie smoking exposure and smoking onset: A longitudinal study of mediation processes in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents.

Wills¹,

Sargent²,

Stoolmiller³

et al. 2008

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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“…In line with the Prototype/Willingness model, behavioural willingness is mediated by prototype perceptions, which later have included both evaluations of risk and non-risk images (Gerrard, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, Trudeau, Vande Lune, and Buunk, 2002). However, whereas favourable risk images are associated with risk behaviour through social reaction, non-risk images assume the presence of a more deliberate and active decision .…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The relationship between smoker and nonsmoker prototypes and smoking status among 14-year-old Norwegians

Skalle¹,

Rise²

2006

Addictive Behaviors

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“…They are more narrow than the attitudes as defined in the Ajzen and Fishbein theories, but similar to the affective, evaluative component of attitudes. However, in contrast to TRA and TBP, the prototype model suggests that prototypes associated with risky behaviors are not goal states, and hence do not influence behavior through planful intentions (Gerrard, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, Trudeau, Vande Lune & Buunk, 2002;Gibbons, et al, 2003), but rather through willingness to engage in risky behavior in risk-conducive circumstances. Thus, one of the tenets of the prototype model is that children and adolescents have images of what smokers and drinkers are like (Andrews & Peterson, 2006;Snortum, Kremer & Berger, 1987) and these images influence their subsequent willingness to engage in the behavior (Gerrard et al, 2002;Gerrard, et al, 2006;Gibbons et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of early cognitions on cigarette and alcohol use during adolescence.

Andrews

Hampson

Barckley³

et al. 2008

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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The present study predicts cigarette and alcohol use in adolescence from the development of children's cognitions in the elementary years, beginning in the second through the fifth grade. Using Latent Growth Modeling, we examined a model using data from 712 participants in the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project, who were in the second through fifth grade at the first assessment and followed for six annual or semi-annual assessments over seven years. Growth in children's prototypes and subjective norms in the elementary years (T1 through T4) were related to their substance use in adolescence (T6) through their willingness and intentions (T5) to smoke and drink. Across the sample, for both substances, the intercept and slope of prototypes were either indirectly related to use through willingness or directly related to use. Both the intercept and slope of subjective norms were indirectly related to use of both substances through both willingness and intentions, and directly related to cigarette use. Results suggest that elementary children have measurable cognitions regarding substance use, which develop during the elementary years, and predict use later in adolescence. These findings emphasize the need for prevention programs targeting changing children's social images of substance users and encouraging more accurate perceptions of peers' use.

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Inhibitory effects of drinker and nondrinker prototypes on adolescent alcohol consumption.

Cited by 167 publications

References 34 publications

Movie smoking exposure and smoking onset: A longitudinal study of mediation processes in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents.

Movie smoking exposure and smoking onset: A longitudinal study of mediation processes in a representative sample of U.S. adolescents.

The relationship between smoker and nonsmoker prototypes and smoking status among 14-year-old Norwegians

The effect of early cognitions on cigarette and alcohol use during adolescence.

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