Influence of Three Levee-Strengthening Systems on Overtopping Hydraulic Parameters and Hydraulic Equivalency Analysis between Steady and Intermittent Overtopping

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Modeling of Combined Wave and Surge Overtopping and Hydraulic Erosion of an Articulated Concrete Block-Strengthened Levee System

“…It was found that the peak spectral wave period had negligible influence on the determination of q ws for the range of periods tested in the model. This finding is consistent with Hughes and Nadal (2009) and Pan et al (2012). Application of Equation (14) is limited to the seaward-side slope of 1V : 4.25H and the roughness of the protective system being similar to ACB.…”

“…The selection of the two parameters is important in the model prediction. In this paper full-scale surge-only overtopping hydraulic and erosion experimental data, which is available in Pan et al (2012), are used to calibrate these parameters. Figure 6a shows the erosion depth from the SPH model at location S1 for the surge-only case as a function of time.…”

“…When time is equal to 14,400 s, the measured erosion is 0.1 m compared to the predicted 0.104 m from the calibrated SPH model. Table 1 presents the comparison of average overtopping discharge q ws and erosion rate E of full-scale experiment for the case of combined wave and surge overtopping (Pan et al, 2012) and SPH model predication under the same input wave parameters at station S1. In the SPH model, q ws is the average for 500 instantaneous discharge data points at location S1.…”

“…Based on physical experiments and numerical models, several empirical formulae have been provided by researchers to predict overtopping of levees under given wave conditions and water levels (e.g., Hughes and Nadal, 2009;Pan et al, 2012;Reeve, Soliman, and Lin, 2008;Schü ttrumpf et al, 2001). The overtopping discharge depends on wave and structure parameters, including the seawall freeboard, the crest geometry, the seaward slope, the significant wave height, the mean or peak wave period, the angle of wave attack measured from the normal to the structure, the water depth at the toe of the seawall, and the seabed slope.…”

“…Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory (HWRL) at Oregon State University. Based on the measured flow thickness and flow velocity on crest and landward-side slope, new equations have been developed to estimate the distribution of instantaneous discharge and individual wave volumes, as well as detailed flow parameters on landward-side slope, e.g., mean flow thickness, root mean square (RMS) wave height, mean velocity, and velocity of the wave front (Pan et al, 2012).…”