Influence of sulfur in fuel on the properties of diffusion flame soot

Abstract

h i g h l i g h t sLean flame soot was influenced more by sulfur in fuel than rich flame soot. Sulfate species were mainly formed on the surface of soot. The diameter of primary lean flame soot from high sulfur content fuel increased. The hygroscopicity of lean flame soot from high sulfur content fuel increased. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tPrevious studies indicate that sulfur in fuel affects the hygroscopicity of soot. However, the issue of the effect of sulfur in fuel on soot properties is not fully understood. Here, the properties of soot prepared from fuel with a variable sulfur content were investigated under lean and rich flame conditions. Lean flame soot was influenced more by sulfur in fuel than rich flame soot. The majority of sulfur in fuel in lean flame was converted to gaseous SO 2 , while a small fraction appeared as sulfate and bisulfate (referred to as sulfate species) in soot. As the sulfur content in fuel increased, sulfate species in lean flame soot increased nonlinearly, while sulfate species on the surface of lean flame soot increased linearly. The hygroscopicity of lean flame soot from sulfur-containing fuel was enhanced mainly due to sulfate species. Meanwhile, more alkynes were formed in lean flame. The diameter of primary lean flame soot particles increased and accumulation mode particle number concentrations of lean flame soot from sulfurcontaining fuel increased as a result of more alkynes. Because the potential effects of soot particles on air pollution development greatly depend on the soot properties, which are related to both chemical aging and combustion conditions, this work will aid in understanding the impacts of soot on air quality and climate.

The evolutionary behavior of chromophoric brown carbon during ozone aging of fine particles from biomass burning

“…In general, the synchronous maps exhibit one autopeak at 1725 cm −1 for RS BrC, two autopeaks at 1726 and 1639 cm −1 for CS BrC, and two autopeaks at 1725 and 1630 cm −1 for PW BrC. These findings suggest that carboxylic C=O (1725, 1726 cm −1 ) and aromatic C=C and C=O groups (1630, 1639 cm −1 ) (Yan et al, 2013;Fan et al, 2016Fan et al, , 2013Chen et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016) are very susceptible to O 3 aging. This result can be confirmed by the evolutionary behavior of O 3 oxidation of BB-derived phenolic compounds (Pillar et al, 2014(Pillar et al, , 2015(Pillar et al, , 2017.…”

“…In addition, the cross peaks generally showed a positive correlation between the series of bands at 1725 (1726), 1639, 1630, 1400, 1318, and 1224 (1211) cm −1 . This implies that the stretching of carboxylic C=O (1725, 1726 cm −1 ); phenol-OH (1400, 1224, 1211 cm −1 ); and aromatic C=C, ketone, and amide C=O groups (1630, 1639 cm −1 ) (Yan et al, 2013;Fan et al, 2016Fan et al, , 2013Chen et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2017) was cotransformed upon O 3 aging. It is also in good agreement with the ozonolysis pathway for BBderived oxy-aromatics (Pillar et al, 2014(Pillar et al, , 2015(Pillar et al, , 2017.…”

“…Recently, primary BB BrC has been widely studied, which has provided deep insights into its BB source-dependent chemical and optical properties (Fan et al, 2016(Fan et al, , 2018Park and Yu, 2016). Moreover, both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that atmospheric aging processes will lead to a transformation of the chemical composition and optical properties of BB BrC once it is emitted into the atmosphere (Fan et al, 2019;Pillar et al, 2014Pillar et al, , 2015Pillar et al, , 2017Saleh et al, 2013;Schnitzler and Abbatt, 2018;Sumlin et al, 2017;Wong et al, 2017Wong et al, , 2019Zhong and Jang, 2014). The relevant processes mainly occur in either the atmospheric aqueous phase (Fan et al, 2019;Wong et al, 2017Wong et al, , 2019Zhao et al, 2015), gas phase (Schnitzler and Abbatt, 2018;Sumlin et al, 2017; Zhong and Jang, 2014), or air-particle interface (Pillar-Little and Guzma, 2018, and references therein) with homogeneous or heterogeneous oxidation.…”

The evolutionary behavior of chromophoric brown carbon during ozone aging of fine particles from biomass burning

“…In general, the 5 synchronous maps exhibit one auto-peak at 1725 cm -1 for RS-BrC, two auto-peaks at 1726 and 1639 cm -1 for CS-BrC, and two autopeaks at 1725 and 1630 cm -1 for PW-BrC. These findings suggest that carboxylic C=O (1725, 1726 cm -1 ) and aromatic C=C and C=O groups (1630, 1639 cm -1 ) (Yan et al, 2013;Fan et al, 2016;Fan et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016) are very susceptible to O3 aging. In addition, the cross-peaks generally showed a 10 positive correlation between the series of bands at 1725 (1726), 1639, 1630, 1400, 1318 and 1224 (1211) cm -1 .…”

“…In addition, the cross-peaks generally showed a 10 positive correlation between the series of bands at 1725 (1726), 1639, 1630, 1400, 1318 and 1224 (1211) cm -1 . This implies that the stretching of carboxylic C=O (1725, 1726 cm -1 ), phenol-OH (1400, 1224, 1211 cm -1 ), and aromatic C=C, ketone and amide C=O groups (1630, 1639 cm -1 ) (Yan et al, 2013;Fan et al, 2016;Fan et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2017) were co-transformed upon O3 aging. Moreover, the cross-peaks also 15 presented a positive correlation between at another series of bands at 1585 (1580) and 1515 cm -1 also, suggesting that the vibration of aromatic COO -(1580, 1585 cm -1 ) and lignin skeletal C=C (1515 cm -1 ) (Fan et al, 2016;Yan et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2017) were also changed in the same way.…”