Influence of oral contraceptives on the incidence of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix

Use of oral contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer in previously screened women

“…But results from retrospective as well as pro-cluded in the study. spective studies that have already been published are not conWhile in hospital, cases and controls were interviewed by sistent (Swan and Petitti, 1982; Holck and Ebeling, 1986 WHO, 1985).Interview data on pill use, with respect to duration, age at first Nevertheless, some results have been questioned because use and Period of use, are sufficiently reliable. This was the design or analyses did not take adequately into account proved in another study which interview data and possible confounding factors.…”

“…But results from retrospective as well as pro-cluded in the study. spective studies that have already been published are not con-While in hospital, cases and controls were interviewed by sistent (Swan and Petitti, 1982; Holck and Ebeling, 1986). one of us (C.S.).…”

Women’s Knowledge of Pap Smears, Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer, and Cervical Cancer

“…Because subjects in the OC studies were not tested for the presence of HPV, the findings of the studies reporting an association between OCs and cervical cancer are suspect. Two investigations of OCs that included HPV testing revealed a slightly increased risk of cervical cancer with long-term OC use (Andolsek, Kovacic, Kozuh, & Litt, 1983;Beral, Hannaford, & Kay, 1988). The findings of similar studies of the relationship between long-acting injectable contraceptives and cervical cancer were not definitive (Dabancens, Prado, Larraguibel, & Zanartu, 1974; Thomas et al, 1989).…”

Invasive squamous‐cell cervical carcinoma and combined oral contraceptives: Results from a multinational study

“…In addition, 5 case-control studies of cervical carcinoma in situ (Irwin et al, 1988;Brock et al, 1989;Ory et al, 1977;Boyce et al, 1977;Fasal et al, 1981), 2 of intra-epithelial neoplasia (Harris et al, 1980;Hellberg et al, 1985), and 2 that included both in situ and invasive disease (Cuzick et al, 1989;Slattery et al, 1989), as well as 3 of squamous dysplasia (Ory et al, 1977;Fasal et al, 1981;Clarket al, 1985), all yielded relative risk estimates greater than one (ranging from 1.2 to 5.7) in the longest category of oral contraceptive use considered (ranging from over 2.5 to over 10 years). Increased risks of in situ and invasive cervical carcinomas have also been observed in 4 (Andolsek et al, 1983;Beral et al, 1988;Vessey et al,, 1983;Peritz et al, 1977) and 3 (Andolsek et al, 1983;Beral et al, 1988;Vessey et al, 1983) cohort studies respectively.…”