“…Three times per day milking is utilized by herds as a mechanism to increase milk production per cow (Smith, Ely, Graves, & Gilson, 2002). Several studies have looked at drug clearance from milk following IMM infusion and determined that either increased frequency of removal of milk or increased production of milk per day, as a result of utilizing 3× vs. 2× milking, are associated with increased clearance of the drug from the udder (Knappstein, Suhren, & Walte, 2003;Stockler, Morin, Lantz, & Constable, 2009;Whittem, 1999). The enhanced clearance would also be expected with drugs administered via the parenteral route as lipid solubility and dissociation constant (pKa) of the drug, which are responsible for allowing drugs to move into milk, are not impacted by milking frequency (Ziv & Sulman, 1975).…”