Influence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Coinfection on Virological and Immunological Parameters in HIV Type 1–Infected Patients

Bassani, Sylvina; López, Mariola; Toro, Carlos; Jiménez, Victoria; Sempere, J.; Soriano, Vincent; Benito, José M.

doi:10.1086/510076

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Bassani et al examined the influence of HTLV-2 coinfection on virological and immunological indices among treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected IDUs in Spain. 68 Their findings corroborated the conclusions of Turci et al HTLV-2 coinfection was linked to lower levels of HIV-1 RNA and a decrease in the CD38 immune activation marker on CD8 + T cells. Unfortunately, the study was limited only to the laboratory investigations and thus clinical correlates of these findings were not available.…”

Section: Significance Of Retroviral Infections Among Patients Receivisupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Two teams in Spain and Italy reported upon coinfections with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 among IDUs. 67,68 Turci et al enrolled approximately 3600 Italian IDUs of white origin, beginning in 1986. 67 Patients were followed clinically for outcomes including neurologic manifestations, pulmonary and urinary tract infections, liver disease, and development of opportunistic infections.…”

Section: Significance Of Retroviral Infections Among Patients Receivimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Beilke

2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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Retroviral coinfections with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 or with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 occur with variable frequencies throughout the world with the highest prevalence in large metropolitan areas in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. The recognition that retroviral coinfections exist dates back to the discovery of HIV-1 over 25 years ago. Despite the large body of published information regarding the biological and clinical significance of retroviral coinfections, controversy throughout several decades of research was fueled by several flawed epidemiologic studies and anecdotal reports that were not always supported with ample statistical and scientific evidence. However, the growing consensus obtained from recent systematic and well-devised research provides support for at least three conclusions: (1) HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfections are often seen in the context of patients with high CD4+ T cell counts presenting with lymphoma or neurological complications; (2) HIV-1 and HTLV-2 coinfections have been linked in some cases to a ''long term nonprogressor'' phenotype; and (3) differential function and/or overexpression of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax proteins likely play a pivotal role in the clinical and immunologic manifestations of HIV/HTLV-1 and -2 coinfections. This review will recount the chronology of work regarding retroviral coinfections from 1983 through the present.

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Section: Significance Of Retroviral Infections Among Patients Receivisupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Significance Of Retroviral Infections Among Patients Receivimentioning

confidence: 99%

Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Beilke

2012

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…While HTLV-1 infection has been connected with an accelerated course of disease in HIV-1 coinfected patients (2,34), HTLV-2 has been reported to either have no effect (26) or suggested to exert a potential protective role during HIV-1 infection (12,23). This protective role is thought to be due to a maintenance of CD4 ϩ T cells, lowering immune activation, and delayed progression to AIDS (4,5). In addition, modulation of cytokine and chemokine networks by HTLV-2 has been suggested to contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection (12,36,47).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preexisting Infection with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 neither Exacerbates nor Attenuates Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV _mac251 Infection in Macaques

Gordon¹,

Weissman²,

Cecchinato³

et al. 2010

J Virol

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Coinfection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been reported to have either a slowed disease course or to have no effect on progression to AIDS. In this study, we generated a coinfection animal model and investigated whether HTLV-2 could persistently infect macaques, induce a T-cell response, and impact simian immunodeficiency virus SIV mac251 -induced disease. We found that inoculation of irradiated HTLV-2-infected T cells into Indian rhesus macaques elicited humoral and T-cell responses to HTLV-2 antigens at both systemic and mucosal sites. Low levels of HTLV-2 provirus DNA were detected in the blood, lymphoid tissues, and gastrointestinal tracts of infected animals. Exposure of HTLV-2-infected or naïve macaques to SIV mac251 demonstrated comparable levels of SIV mac251 viral replication, similar rates of mucosal and peripheral CD4 ؉ T-cell loss, and increased T-cell proliferation. Additionally, neither the magnitude nor the functional capacity of the SIV-specific T-cell-mediated immune response was different in HTLV-2/SIV mac251 coinfected animals versus SIV mac251 singly infected controls. Thus, HTLV-2 targets mucosal sites, persists, and importantly does not exacerbate SIV mac251 infection. These data provide the impetus for the development of an attenuated HTLV-2-based vectored vaccine for HIV-1; this approach could elicit persistent mucosal immunity that may prevent HIV-1/SIV mac251 infection.

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“…It has been proposed that dual infection by HIV-1 and HTLV1 may accelerate progression to AIDS [123] and is a risk factor for presenting ATLL and HAM/TSP [124]. On the other hand, it seems that HTLV-2 may confer certain immunological protection against HIV-1, delaying the natural history of the disease [125]. The proposed mechanism would be an interaction of the Tax-2 protein at several levels of the replicative cycle of HIV-1 and the alteration of several immunological processes [126].…”

Section: Hiv and Htlv1/2 Dual Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4

Nicolás

Ambrosioni

Paredes

et al. 2015

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

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HIV-1 is the most prevalent retrovirus, with over 30 million people infected worldwide. Nevertheless, infection caused by other human retroviruses like HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 is gaining importance. Initially confined to specific geographical areas, HIV-2, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are becoming a major concern in non-endemic countries due to international migration flows. Clinical manifestations of retroviruses range from asymptomatic carriers to life-threatening conditions, such as AIDS in HIV-2 infection or adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia or tropical spastic paraparesis in HTLV-1 infection. HIV-2 is naturally resistant to some antiretrovirals frequently used to treat HIV-1 infection, but it does have effective antiretroviral therapy options. Unfortunately, HTLV still has limited therapeutic options. In this article, we will review the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of infections caused by these human retroviruses.

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Influence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Coinfection on Virological and Immunological Parameters in HIV Type 1–Infected Patients

Abstract: HTLV-2 coinfection may exert a protective role on HIV disease progression by lowering HIV replication and immune activation. A predominance of CCL4 single positive HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in HIV-HTLV-2-coinfected patients could explain this effect.

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Preexisting Infection with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 neither Exacerbates nor Attenuates Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV _mac251 Infection in Macaques

Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4

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Influence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Coinfection on Virological and Immunological Parameters in HIV Type 1–Infected Patients

Abstract: HTLV-2 coinfection may exert a protective role on HIV disease progression by lowering HIV replication and immune activation. A predominance of CCL4 single positive HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in HIV-HTLV-2-coinfected patients could explain this effect.

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and HTLV: Taking Stock of More Than a Quarter Century of Research

Preexisting Infection with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 neither Exacerbates nor Attenuates Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV mac251 Infection in Macaques

Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4

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Preexisting Infection with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 neither Exacerbates nor Attenuates Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV _mac251 Infection in Macaques