Objectives To describe the burden, epidemiology and outcomes of co-infections and superinfections occurring in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We performed an observational cohort study of all consecutive patients admitted for ≥48 hours to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona for COVID-19 (28 February to 22 April 2020) who were discharged or dead. We describe demographic, epidemiologic, laboratory and microbiologic results, as well as outcome data retrieved from electronic health records. Results Of a total of 989 consecutive patients with COVID-19, 72 (7.2%) had 88 other microbiologically confirmed infections: 74 were bacterial, seven fungal and seven viral. Community-acquired co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis was uncommon (31/989, 3.1%) and mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . A total of 51 hospital-acquired bacterial superinfections, mostly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli , were diagnosed in 43 patients (4.7%), with a mean (SD) time from hospital admission to superinfection diagnosis of 10.6 (6.6) days. Overall mortality was 9.8% (97/989). Patients with community-acquired co-infections and hospital-acquired superinfections had worse outcomes. Conclusions Co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis is uncommon. Few patients developed superinfections during hospitalization. These findings are different compared to those of other viral pandemics. As it relates to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, such findings could prove essential in defining the role of empiric antimicrobial therapy or stewardship strategies.

Transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from T he acquisition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectionafter liver transplantation remains a significant problem in the liver transplant setting. Although de novo HBV infection may occur as a result of the reactivation of occult HBV infection in the recipient, 1,2 recent reports suggest that the vast majority of acquired HBV infections after liver transplantation are related to the donor liver. Liver grafts from donors who are hepatitis B surface antigen negative (HBsAg-) but positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBcϩ) have been shown to transmit HBV infection to HBsAg-liver transplant recipients at a rate that ranged from 33% to 78%. [3][4][5][6] However, these results were mostly derived from studies performed in geographic regions with a low prevalence (3% to 4%) of anti-HBc positivity in the liver donor population.The prevalence of HBsAg in the adult Spanish population ranges from 1.2% to 1.7%. 7,8 Accordingly, the prevalence of anti-HBc positivity in the general population is greater than that reported in areas of low prevalence of HBV infection. In a recent study, anti-HBc positivity was found in 10% of the Spanish adults aged 26 to 65 years. 7 In Spain, the current policy of the Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (ONT), the Spanish Organ Procurement Organization, is to test organ donors only for HBsAg. To a certain extent, the liver donor population is a reflection of the general population; therefore, it is reasonable to anticipate that the prevalence of anti-HBc positivity in Spanish liver donors and thus the incidence of de novo HBV infection after liver transplantation would be greater in our area than in areas of lower prevalence. In addition, inFrom the *HepatoGastroenterology, †Microbiology, and ‡Pathology Services, and the §Liver Transplantation and

Antisecretory agent or nitrate treatment is associated with reduced UGIB RR in patients taking NSAID or aspirin. Only PPI therapy was associated with a marked, consistent risk reduction among patients receiving all types of agents (including nonaspirin antiplatelet agents). Protection was not apparent in patients taking anticoagulants.

The clinical presentation of CI is very heterogeneous, perhaps explaining why clinical suspicion of this disease is so low. The presence of IRCI, and occurrence of peritoneal signs or onset of CI as severe abdominal pain without bleeding, should alert the physician to a potentially unfavorable course.

No abstract

Controversy exists about the usefulness of yearly protocol liver biopsies after liver transplantation, mainly among patients with normal transaminase levels. The aim of this study is to determine (1) the prevalence and cause of histological liver injury in transplant recipients with a minimum histological follow-up of 1 year (n ‫؍‬ 254), and

A sensitive immunochemical test is markedly superior to the guaiac test for detecting significant colorectal neoplasia, and should be considered the first-choice FOBT for CRC screening in the average-risk population.

Our results show that, at least in some white populations, the contribution of the cytokine gene polymorphisms evaluated in this study (IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-12p40, LTA, IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-B1) to GC susceptibility may be less relevant than previously reported.