Influence of Gut Microbiota on Behavior and Its Disturbances

Abstract

Hippocrates statement that "All disease begins in the gut" continues to be up to date more than 2000 years later. Growing number of scientific reports focus on the important role of intestinal microorganisms for modulation of many systems and human behavior. As a key component of the gut brain, gut microbiota influences the development and maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, affects the development and function of the immune system, regulates the blood-brain barrier, modulates the synthesis and recognition of neurotransmitters, regulates neurogenesis, formation of myelination and supports the development and function of the brain. Disruption of gut-brain axis function is associated with alterations in the stress response and might contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases as depression, autistic spectrum disorders, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and other mental conditions. Studies in animal models are crucial for guiding research on brain-gut-microbiome axis in humans, as the impact of microbiota on specific brain regions and aspects of animal behavior will help in the selection of tasks for cognitive assessment. Exploring the interaction of gut microbes and human brain will not only allow us to better understand the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, but will also provide us new opportunities for the design of novel immuno-or microbe-based therapies.

Milk fat globule membrane: An overview with particular emphasis on its nutritional and health benefits

“…Manipulating the intestinal microbiota for the brain benefit is a concept that has become widely acknowledged (Ignatova 2019). Induced modulation of gut microbiota may support the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of MFGM on cognition occurs through the microbiota–gut–brain axis.…”

Can oral microbiome dysbiosis affect the behavior of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? : Narrative review

“…The microbiome is important for the immune system, brain and genome. A series of recent studies have demonstrated that the microbiome influences the central nervous system in multiple ways and influences the psychological state of individuals by mediating reactions to stress and anxiety (26)(27)(28)(29)(30). The enteric nervous system (ENS), composed of two layers of approximately 100 million nerve cells that line the digestive tract from the oesophagus to the rectum, is an independent centre for neural processing and integration.…”

Dietary Influence on the Dynamics of the Human Gut Microbiome: Prospective Implications in Interventional Therapies

“…The brain–gut-microbiota axis has been asserted to play a fundamental role in stress-related mental illnesses and the physiological basis of psychiatry. , Numerous studies have validated the hypothesis that microbiota in the gut affects stress-related behaviors, including depression and anxiety. , Alteration in microbiota-brain–gut signaling is said to have a significant role in gastrointestinal disorders and related psychiatric illness, rendered with an alteration in gut microbiota composition and irregular activity in the HPA (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) axis. , Gut microbiota influences the development and functions of the immune system, control of blood–brain barriers, modulation and recognition of neurotransmitter production, control in neurogenesis, formation of myelination, development and function of the brain. Gut–brain axis disruption is correlated with neuropsychiatric illnesses such as depression, autism spectrum disorders, sleep behavior disorder, rapid eye movement, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other mental disorders . Fecal microbiota profiles of mice from WT (wild type) and KO (Fto knock out) using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the FTO gene (fat mass- and obesity-associated gene) deficiency caused a reduction in anxiety- and depression-like behavior that is linked with the alterations in the microbial ecosystem of the gut .…”

“…Gut−brain axis disruption is correlated with neuropsychiatric illnesses such as depression, autism spectrum disorders, sleep behavior disorder, rapid eye movement, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other mental disorders. 182 Fecal microbiota profiles of mice from WT (wild type) and KO (Fto knock out) using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the FTO gene (fat mass-and obesityassociated gene) deficiency caused a reduction in anxiety-and depression-like behavior that is linked with the alterations in the microbial ecosystem of the gut. 178 Furthermore, given that the microbial transfer can alter stress-induced depressive symptoms, it may be a viable therapy for disorders relating to gut microbial abnormalities.…”