Dietary Influence on the Dynamics of the Human Gut Microbiome: Prospective Implications in Interventional Therapies

BackgroundEarly diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) is challenging due to the complexity of the disease and lack of disease specific biomarkers. The novel machine learning (ML) technique may be a useful tool to provide a new route for the identification of early biomarkers for the diagnosis of PIBD.MethodsIn total, 66 treatment naive PIBD patients and 27 healthy controls were enrolled as an exploration cohort. Fecal microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. The correlation between microbiota and inflammatory and nutritional markers was evaluated using Spearman’s correlation. A random forest model was used to set up an ML approach for the diagnosis of PIBD using 1902 markers. A validation cohort including 14 PIBD and 48 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was enrolled to further evaluate the sensitivity and accuracy of the model.ResultCompared with healthy subjects, PIBD patients showed a significantly lower diversity of the gut microbiome. The increased Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were positively correlated with inflammatory markers and negatively correlated with nutrition markers, which indicated a more severe disease. A diagnostic ML model was successfully set up for differential diagnosis of PIBD integrating the top 11 OTUs. This diagnostic model showed outstanding performance at differentiating IBD from IBS in an independent validation cohort.ConclusionThe diagnosis penal based on the ML of the gut microbiome may be a favorable tool for the precise diagnosis and treatment of PIBD. A study of the relationship between disease status and the microbiome was an effective way to clarify the pathogenesis of PIBD.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Fecal Microbiota and Machine Learning Strategy for Fecal Invasive Biomarkers in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Wang

Yuan

et al. 2021

“…The metabolic products of the abundant microbiota mostly affects the establishment of probiotic bacteria, can be supported with the use of prebiotics. Gut microbiota can be altered/modified using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics such as (SCFAs), and all of these can contribute positively to host health (Adithya et al, 2021). Some prebiotics such as dietary polyphenols exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic gut microbiota, improve gut metabolism and immunity, impart antiinflammatory properties, and also provide benefits in various gastrointestinal, metabolic, and neuropsychological disorders (Adithya et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gut microbiota can be altered/modified using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics such as (SCFAs), and all of these can contribute positively to host health (Adithya et al, 2021). Some prebiotics such as dietary polyphenols exert antimicrobial activities against pathogenic gut microbiota, improve gut metabolism and immunity, impart antiinflammatory properties, and also provide benefits in various gastrointestinal, metabolic, and neuropsychological disorders (Adithya et al, 2021). Interestingly, a recent study indicated that arabinoxylan can increase the relative abundance of Clostridium, while decrease the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio and Bilophila (Li et al, 2021b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Smoking Induces Aberrations in Digestive Tract Microbiota of Rats

Wang

et al. 2021

Cigarette smoking could have certain effects on gut microbiota. Some pioneering studies have investigated effects of active smoking on the microbiome in local segments of the digestive tract, while active smoking-induced microbiome alterations in the whole digestive tract have not been fully investigated. Here, we developed a rat model of active smoking and characterized the effects of active smoking on the microbiota within multiple regions along the digestive tract. Blood glucose and some metabolic factors levels, the microbial diversity and composition, relative abundances of taxa, bacterial network correlations and predictive functional profiles were compared between the control group and active smoking group. We found that active smoking induced hyperglycemia and significant reductions in serum insulin and leptin levels. Active smoking induced region-specific shifts in microbiota structure, composition, network correlation and metabolism function along the digestive tract. Our results demonstrated that active smoking resulted in a reduced abundance of some potentially beneficial genera (i.e. Clostridium, Turicibacter) and increased abundance of potentially harmful genera (i.e. Desulfovibrio, Bilophila). Functional prediction suggested that amino acid, lipid, propanoate metabolism function could be impaired and antioxidant activity may be triggered. Active smoking may be an overlooked risk to health through its potential effects on the digestive tract microbiota, which is involved in the cause and severity of an array of chronic diseases.

“…life style, gender, environmental changes) ( Conlon and Bird, 2015 ). Furthermore, the dietary type has been shown to be highly implicated in the microbiome structural composition ( Adithya et al., 2021 ). The type of diet modulates the abundance of altered bacteria in the gut microbiota at various stage of life.…”

Section: Human Microbiome and Healthy Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type of diet modulates the abundance of altered bacteria in the gut microbiota at various stage of life. Individuals with high-fiber diets have their gut populated with beneficial microbes, which could exert health benefits, while the gut microbiome composition of those with high-fat and high-sugar diets are negatively altered ( Adithya et al., 2021 ). The diet patterns have been correlated to the host intestinal microbiota interaction with many metabolic processes, and is responsible in part in protecting or predisposing multiple metabolic, immunological, neoplastic, and functional diseases ( Schiumerini et al., 2018 ; Adithya et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Human Microbiome and Healthy Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antituberculosis Therapy and Gut Microbiota: Review of Potential Host Microbiota Directed-Therapies

Diallo

Somboro

Diabate

et al. 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern with millions of deaths every year. The overlap with HIV infections, long treatment duration, and the emergence of drug resistance are significant obstacles to the control of the disease. Indeed, the standard first-line regimen TB treatment takes at least six months and even longer for the second-line therapy, resulting in relapses, drug resistance and re-infections. Many recent reports have also shown prolonged and significant damage of the gut microbial community (dysbiosis) from anti-TB drugs that can detrimentally persist several months after the cessation of treatment and could lead to the impairment of the immune response, and thus re-infections and drug resistance. A proposed strategy for shortening the treatment duration is thus to apply corrective measures to the dysbiosis for a faster bacterial clearance and a better treatment outcome. In this review, we will study the role of the gut microbiota in both TB infection and treatment, and its potential link with treatment duration. We will also discuss, the new concept of “Host Microbiota Directed-Therapies (HMDT)” as a potential adjunctive strategy to improve the treatment effectiveness, reduce its duration and or prevent relapses. These strategies include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, gut microbiota transfer, and other strategies. Application of this innovative solution could lead to HMDT as an adjunctive tool to shorten TB treatment, which will have enormous public health impacts for the End TB Strategy worldwide.