Infectious and parasitic diseases of captive reptiles and amphibians, with special emphasis on husbandry practices which prevent or promote diseases

Ippen, R.; Zwart, P.

doi:10.20506/rst.15.1.909

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In the presence of debilitating factors for ophidians, this bacterium can express its pathogenicity, resulting in secondary infections involving a wide range of tissues (Schumacher, 2006; Chinnadurai & DeVoe, 2009). P. aeruginosa ’s ability to easily develop antibiotic resistance (Breidenstein, de la Fuente-Núñez & Hancock, 2011), coupled with its extensive spread within terrariums, similar to what occurs for parasites (Ippen & Zwart, 1996; Raś-Noryńska & Sokół, R, 2015), makes P. aeruginosa a risk factor for ophidians and people who handle these animals. Currently, there are few reports of P. aeruginosa infections in reptiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Sala

Ianni

Pelizzone

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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Background Snakes are globally considered as pet animals, and millions of ophidians are bred in captivity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium that can act as an opportunistic pathogen of man and animals and is frequently present in the oral and cloacal microbiota of healthy ophidians. It can cause severe clinical diseases and often shows antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of P. aeruginosa isolated from the cloacal microbiota of a large population sample of healthy captive ophidians and to evaluate the statistical associations with farming conditions. Methods A total of 419 cloacal swabs were collected from snakes belonging to the Boidae (n = 45), Colubridae (n = 48) and Pythonidae (n = 326) families and inoculated onto complete culture media. Food, water and bedding samples were also analyzed. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was evaluated through the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion test. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi-square test. Results The prevalence of P. aeruginosa was 59.9%, and 35.5% of these strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). The prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa was significantly higher in adult samples than in young samples, and widespread resistance to Cephalosporins, Polymyxins and Sulfonamides was observed. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of P. aeruginosa were observed depending on the farm size and snake family. Feeding thawed prey was associated with a higher P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Moreover, snakes fed home-raised prey had a significantly higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence than snakes fed commercially available feed. Less frequent terrarium cleaning was associated with a higher MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. On the other hand, snake reproductive status was not significantly associated with P. aeruginosa or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. All food, water and bedding samples were negative for P. aeruginosa presence. Discussion The overall P. aeruginosa prevalence found in this study was lower than that found by other authors, but a high proportion of the isolates were MDR. This study highlighted the presence of constitutive (such as age and taxonomic family) and managerial (farm size, cleaning cycle frequency and food type) factors associated with P. aeruginosa and/or MDR P. aeruginosa prevalence. Good breeding management and proper antibiotic treatment of P. aeruginosa infections could help reduce the presence of P. aeruginosa and MDR P. aeruginosa in the gut microbiota of snakes and consequently reduce the risk to public health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Sala

Ianni

Pelizzone

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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“…Infeksi cacing Oxyuris spp. sangat umum terjadi pada reptil dan sebagian besar kasus memiliki patogenisitas yang rendah (Wilson and Carpenter, 1996 ;Ippen and Zwart, 1996 ;Rataj et al, 2011). Parasit dalam jumlah sedikit tidak menimbulkan gejala klinis pada hewan.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Laporan Kasus: Infeksi Cacing Oxyuris spp. pada Iguana Hijau (Iguana iguana)

Oktaviana¹,

Yudhana²,

Amanda³

2019

J. Med. Vet.

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Iguana hijau (Iguana iguana) merupakan hewan eksotik yang dewasa ini banyak dipelihara oleh masyarakat. Pengetahuan masyarakat terkait pemeliharaan iguana masih sangat minim sehingga menimbulkan berbagai masalah kesehatan, salah satunya adalah infeksi parasit cacing gastrointestinal. Iguana hijau berumur 2 tahun yang dimanfaatkan sebagai hewan peliharaan di Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur diduga menderita helmintiasis dengan gejala klinis seperti emasiasi dan diare. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi kejadian helmintiasis pada iguana hijau yang dipelihara dan dimanfaatkan dengan tujuan sebagai hewan eksotik. Feses yang berasal dari iguana hijau dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan metode natif, sedimentasi dan apung. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan berhasil ditemukan telur cacing Oxyuris spp. Studi ini merupakan laporan kasus pertama di Indonesia terkait dengan infeksi cacing Oxyuris spp. pada iguana hijau.

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“…Exotic or native species, originating from legal or illegal trade, are kept as pets, and people often look for way to get rid of them after some time mostly release them into non-native regions (Velo-Anton et al 2011). Since very few reptilian parasites cause pathognomonic signs or lesions, a clinical diagnosis of parasitism can only be proved by identifying the disease-causing parasite or its ova (Ippen and Zwart 1996). A clinical diagnosis of parasitism can only be made by identifying the disease-causing parasite or its ova because very few reptilian parasites cause pathognomonic signs or lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endohelminths of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis in Southwest Iran

et al. 2014

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Very little is known about parasitic diseases of European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Iran. The objective of this study is to examine parasitic fauna of European pond turtles collected from Fars province, southwest Iran. Carcasses of turtles (n = 52) which died during dredging procedure are collected from earthen fishery basins in Zarghan region. They have been died earlier during dredging procedure in different farms. Three species of helminths in total were found in gastrointestinal tract, including two nematodes (Serpinema microcephalus and Falcaustra araxiana) and one digenean trematod (Telorchis assula). Large intestines of all examined turtles were infected by F. araxiana (100 %, Mean intensity = 18) and this nematode were also found in gastric nodules. Nine turtles (17.3 %, 3 male, 6 female, Mean intensity = 3) were infected with Serpinema microcephalus. T. assula were found in 25 turtles (48.07 %, 5 male, 20 female, mean intensity = 5). Helminths were not found in any examined organs and no ectoparasite found eighter. F. araxiana is the most prevalent nematode in European pond turtles. Detection of Serpinema.microcephalus is in agreement with the fact which this parasite is common parasite of turtles in all over the world. T. assula might be transmitted between variety of reptiles so presence of the trematod should be considered as a risk factor for other reptiles.

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Infectious and parasitic diseases of captive reptiles and amphibians, with special emphasis on husbandry practices which prevent or promote diseases

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

The prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosaand multidrug resistantPseudomonas aeruginosain healthy captive ophidian

Laporan Kasus: Infeksi Cacing Oxyuris spp. pada Iguana Hijau (Iguana iguana)

Endohelminths of European pond turtle Emys orbicularis in Southwest Iran

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