Infant Eye‐Tracking in the Context of Goal‐Directed Actions

Corbetta, Daniela; Guan, Yu; Williams, Joshua L.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00093.x

Cited by 35 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Such observations will be essential to disentangle the respective role of vision and arm control in infants' first reaching attempts. Prior evidence, in 9-month-old infants, where the recording of infants' eye-movements directed to a target were paired with the arm movement kinematics corresponding to reaching for that same object, pointed to the production of object-specific looking patterns closely matching movement corrections toward that object (Corbetta et al, 2012). It is unknown whether infants at reach onset can perform such eye-hand corrections during movement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were connected to a Digital Video Switcher (Datavideo Corp., Whittier, CA, USA), which merged the left and right side camera views into one split-screen arrangement and then recorded with an added image frame counter (Horita, Mission Viejo, CA, USA) on a VCR. All camera views, (side reaching cameras, scene camera, and webcam) were synchronized to each other using a small custom-made diodes system (Corbetta et al, 2012). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the feel of the arm with the sight of the object: on the embodied origins of infant reaching

et al. 2014

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For decades, the emergence and progression of infant reaching was assumed to be largely under the control of vision. More recently, however, the guiding role of vision in the emergence of reaching has been downplayed. Studies found that young infants can reach in the dark without seeing their hand and that corrections in infants' initial hand trajectories are not the result of visual guidance of the hand, but rather the product of poor movement speed calibration to the goal. As a result, it has been proposed that learning to reach is an embodied process requiring infants to explore proprioceptively different movement solutions, before they can accurately map their actions onto the intended goal. Such an account, however, could still assume a preponderant (or prospective) role of vision, where the movement is being monitored with the scope of approximating a future goal-location defined visually. At reach onset, it is unknown if infants map their action onto their vision, vision onto their action, or both. To examine how infants learn to map the feel of their hand with the sight of the object, we tracked the object-directed looking behavior (via eye-tracking) of three infants followed weekly over an 11-week period throughout the transition to reaching. We also examined where they contacted the object. We find that with some objects, infants do not learn to align their reach to where they look, but rather learn to align their look to where they reach. We propose that the emergence of reaching is the product of a deeply embodied process, in which infants first learn how to direct their movement in space using proprioceptive and haptic feedback from self-produced movement contingencies with the environment. As they do so, they learn to map visual attention onto these bodily centered experiences, not the reverse. We suggest that this early visuo-motor mapping is critical for the formation of visually-elicited, prospective movement control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the feel of the arm with the sight of the object: on the embodied origins of infant reaching

et al. 2014

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“…A future goal is to apply the methods used here to data from a head-mounted eyetracker (Aslin, 2009; Corbetta, Guan, & Williams, 2011; Franchak & Adolph, 2011; Franchak, Kretch, Soska, & Adolph, 2011). This will allow us to investigate in more detail how individual differences emerge in early naturalistic gaze behavior during both typical and atypical development, and how these differences relate to other long-term parameters of cognitive development.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Plansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Infant Oculomotor Behavior During the Viewing of Complex Naturalistic Scenes

Wass

Smith

2014

Infancy

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Little research hitherto has examined how individual differences in attention, as assessed using standard experimental paradigms, relate to individual differences in how attention is spontaneously allocated in more naturalistic contexts. Here, we analyzed the time intervals between refoveating eye movements (fixation durations) while typically developing 11-month-old infants viewed a 90-min battery ranging from complex dynamic to noncomplex static materials. The same infants also completed experimental assessments of cognitive control, psychomotor reaction times (RT), processing speed (indexed via peak look during habituation), and arousal (indexed via tonic pupil size). High test–retest reliability was found for fixation duration, across testing sessions and across types of viewing material. Increased cognitive control and increased arousal were associated with reduced variability in fixation duration. For fixations to dynamic stimuli, in which a large proportion of saccades may be exogenously cued, we found that psychomotor RT measures were most predictive of mean fixation duration; for fixations to static stimuli, in contrast, in which there is less exogenous attentional capture, we found that psychomotor RT did not predict performance, but that measures of cognitive control and arousal did. The implications of these findings for understanding the development of attentional control in naturalistic settings are discussed.

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“…These techniques also offer a building block by which to pursue a future goal: to study the subsecond correlates of infants’ spontaneous orienting in “truly” naturalistic settings using a head-mounted eyetracker (Corbetta, Guan, & Williams, 2011; Franchak & Adolph, 2011; Franchak, Kretch, Soska, & Adolph, 2010; Smith, Yu, & Pereira, 2011). The ultimate aim of research in this field is to link attention as measured using nonnaturalistic, individual-trial experiments with attention in “the wild” (Smith et al, 2011).…”

Section: Plans For Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parsing eye-tracking data of variable quality to provide accurate fixation duration estimates in infants and adults

2012

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Researchers studying infants’ spontaneous allocation of attention have traditionally relied on hand-coding infants’ direction of gaze from videos; these techniques have low temporal and spatial resolution and are labor intensive. Eye-tracking technology potentially allows for much more precise measurement of how attention is allocated at the subsecond scale, but a number of technical and methodological issues have given rise to caution about the quality and reliability of high temporal resolution data obtained from infants. We present analyses suggesting that when standard dispersal-based fixation detection algorithms are used to parse eye-tracking data obtained from infants, the results appear to be heavily influenced by interindividual variations in data quality. We discuss the causes of these artifacts, including fragmentary fixations arising from flickery or unreliable contact with the eyetracker and variable degrees of imprecision in reported position of gaze. We also present new algorithms designed to cope with these problems by including a number of new post hoc verification checks to identify and eliminate fixations that may be artifactual. We assess the results of our algorithms by testing their reliability using a variety of methods and on several data sets. We contend that, with appropriate data analysis methods, fixation duration can be a reliable and stable measure in infants. We conclude by discussing ways in which studying fixation durations during unconstrained orienting may offer insights into the relationship between attention and learning in naturalistic settings.

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Infant Eye‐Tracking in the Context of Goal‐Directed Actions

Cited by 35 publications

References 38 publications

Mapping the feel of the arm with the sight of the object: on the embodied origins of infant reaching

Mapping the feel of the arm with the sight of the object: on the embodied origins of infant reaching

Individual Differences in Infant Oculomotor Behavior During the Viewing of Complex Naturalistic Scenes

Parsing eye-tracking data of variable quality to provide accurate fixation duration estimates in infants and adults

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