Industrial Scale-Up of Countercurrent Chromatography: Predictive Scale-Up

Sutherland, Ian; Brown, Les; Graham, A. S.; Guillon, G G; Hawes, David J.; Janaway, Lee; Whiteside, R. G.; Wood, Philip

doi:10.1093/chromsci/39.1.21

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…3. Retention profiles such as these that show a linear relationship within a certain range of $F^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}}$ are very useful in the scale‐up of analytical CCC to preparative scale 18…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Scaling‐Up Microbial Fuel Cells: Configuration and Potential Drop Phenomenon at Series Connection of Unit Cells in Shared Anolyte

Kim

et al. 2012

ChemSusChem

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To scale-up microbial fuel cells (MFCs), installing multiple unit cells in a common reactor has been proposed; however, there has been a serious potential drop when connecting unit cells in series. To determine the source of the loss, a basic stack-MFC (BS-MFC) has been devised, and the results show that the phenomenon is due to ions on the anode electrode traveling through the electrolyte to be reduced at the cathode connected in series. As calculated by means of the percentage potential drop, the degree of potential drop decreased with an increase in the unit-cell distance. When the distance was increased from 1 to 8 cm, the percentage potential drop in BS-MFC1 decreased from 46.76 ± 0.90 to 45.08 ± 0.70 % and in BS-MFC2 from 46.41 ± 0.95 to 43.82 ± 2.23 %. As the p-value of the t-test was lower than 0.05, the difference was considered significant; however, if the unit cells are installed far enough from each other to avoid the potential drop phenomenon, the system will be less dense, consequently reducing the ratio of electrode area per volume of anode compartment and decreasing the power density of the system. Finally, this study suggests design criteria for scaling-up MFC systems: Multiple-electrode-installed MFCs are modularized, and the unit cells are connected in series across the module (connecting each unit cell does not share the anolyte).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Scaling‐Up Microbial Fuel Cells: Configuration and Potential Drop Phenomenon at Series Connection of Unit Cells in Shared Anolyte

Kim

et al. 2012

ChemSusChem

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“…High flow and low rotational speed results in a larger initial displacement of SP, which is higher than theory predicts based on the data of Sutherland et al 7 A second feature is the effect caused by flow of sample through the coils leading to an additional loss of SP equivalent to 25%. There are a number of possible reasons for this observation, such as the change in composition of the MP effecting the interfacial tension and, hence, shear forces acting between the two liquid phases.…”

Section: Performance Between Runs 2-4 On the Pcccmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…7 MP was pumped using a single piston Gilson system operating in isocratic mode (or in tandem with a second unit to give gradient capability, control was via a PC). Fractions were collected according to when the product was expected to elute based on theoretical prediction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Performance of a Preparative CCC Machine for the Separation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Graham¹,

McConvey²,

Shering³

2001

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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A laboratory-scale CCC (LCCC) of approximately 80 mL capacity was used to investigate the purification of an active pharmaceutical intermediate (API) using polar liquid-liquid systems based around water / n-butanol. Variation of pH and the polarity of the mobile phase by the use of a gradient pumping system, lead to the development of an isocratic system (where the upper organic phase was mobile). The method was then transferred to a larger (preparative PCCC) unit of 930 mL capacity. An estimated output from the large scale machine was made and compared with the production rate to current methods of purification, i.e., HPLC.The capacity of the PCCC has been estimated to be equivalent to a 30 cm × 7.5 cm i.d. dynamic axially compressed (DAC) LC column; it is anticipated to be of comparable capital cost. The PCCC machine failed to purify the API to the product specification using the current eluent system. The potential output was comparable and the solvent consumption only 25 % of the HPLC system. Weepage or stripping of stationary phase (SP) was observed on runs with a relatively high mobile phase flow rate. From a process robustness and, hence, validation point of view, weepage is unacceptable.

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“…In CCC [15,16] the position of a solute peak can be predicted if the distribution ratio K D and the percentage volume retention of stationary phase (S f ) are known. In Fig.…”

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling CCC Using an Eluting Countercurrent Distribution Model

Sutherland

Folter

Wood

2003

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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As countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is becoming an established method in chromatography for scaling from analytical CCC in the laboratory to full process scale in the industrial manufacture of products, it is becoming increasingly important to model the process and to be able to predict coil=column scale-up parameters for a given process. This paper offers a method of modelling CCC on the basis of an eluting countercurrent distribution (CCD) model. The model confirms that peak width in CCC varies in proportion to the square root of the length of the column, establishes a formula predicting peak width in terms of retention factor and retention time, and provides a method for determining the efficiency of a given CCC instrument. This allows, for the first time, the mixing efficiency of different CCC approaches and=or devices to be compared and perhaps, more importantly, predictions to be made that are outside the current operating parameters of existing CCC instrumentation. This will greatly assist in the design of new equipment, particularly in scale-up, and will also help users optimize the results from their CCC instruments.

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Industrial Scale-Up of Countercurrent Chromatography: Predictive Scale-Up

Cited by 22 publications

References 5 publications

Scaling‐Up Microbial Fuel Cells: Configuration and Potential Drop Phenomenon at Series Connection of Unit Cells in Shared Anolyte

Scaling‐Up Microbial Fuel Cells: Configuration and Potential Drop Phenomenon at Series Connection of Unit Cells in Shared Anolyte

An Evaluation of the Performance of a Preparative CCC Machine for the Separation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Modelling CCC Using an Eluting Countercurrent Distribution Model

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