Indoor/outdoor relationship and chemical composition of fine and coarse particles in the southern California deserts

Geller, Michael D.; Chang, Melinda Y.; Sioutas, Constantinos; Ostro, Bart; Lipsett, Michael

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00340-5

Cited by 125 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The elevated concentration of particulate OM indoors suggests that organic PM 2.5 was emitted or formed inside the RIOPA homes in sufficient quantities to substantially alter the concentration and the composition of PM 2.5 indoors. This is consistent with the finding of Geller et al (2002), who reported that OC concentrations inside Coachella Valley, CA, USA homes were 77% higher on average than the corresponding concentrations outdoors.…”

Section: Species Mass Balancesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, little is known about organic PM 2.5 concentrations, composition, behavior and sampling artifacts in residential indoor environments. Coupled residential indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and/or black carbon (BC) concentrations have been measured in a few studies (Funasaka et al, 2000;Landis et al, 2001;Geller et al, 2002;Gotschi et al, 2002;Kinney et al, 2002;Li and Lin, 2003;Ho et al, 2004;Cao et al, 2005). These studies have yielded valuable insights.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Polidori

Turpin

Meng

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Residential indoor and outdoor fine particle (PM 2.5 ) organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations (48 h) were measured at 173 homes in Houston, TX, Los Angeles County, CA, and Elizabeth, NJ as part of the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study. The adsorption of organic vapors on the quartz fiber sampling filter (a positive artifact) was substantial indoors and out, accounting for 36% and 37% of measured OC at the median indoor (8.2 mg C/m 3 ) and outdoor (5.0 mg C/m 3 ) OC concentrations, respectively. Uncorrected, adsorption artifacts would lead to substantial overestimation of particulate OC both indoors and outdoors. After artifact correction, the mean particulate organic matter (OM ¼ 1.4 OC) concentration indoors (9.8 mg/m 3 ) was twice the mean outdoor concentration (4.9 mg/m 3 ). The mean EC concentration was 1.1 mg/m 3 both indoors and outdoors. OM accounted for 29%, 30% and 29% of PM 2.5 mass outdoors and 48%, 55% and 61% of indoor PM 2.5 mass in Los Angeles Co., Elizabeth and Houston study homes, respectively. Indirect evidence provided by species mass balance results suggests that PM 2.5 nitrate (not measured) was largely lost during outdoor-to-indoor transport, as reported by Lunden et al. This results in dramatic changes with outdoor-to-indoor transport in the mass and composition of ambient-generated PM 2.5 at California homes. On average, 71% to 76% of indoor OM was emitted or formed indoors, calculated by (1) Random Component Superposition (RCS) model and (2) non-linear fit of OC and air exchange rate data to the mass balance model. Assuming that all particles penetrate indoors (P ¼ 1) and there is no particle loss indoors (k ¼ 0), a lower bound estimate of 41% of indoor OM was indoor-generated (mean). OM appears to be the predominant species in indoor-generated PM 2.5 , based on species mass balance results. Particulate OM emitted or formed indoors is substantial enough to alter the concentration, composition and behavior of indoor PM 2.5 . One interesting effect of increased indoor OM concentrations is a shift in the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the gas to the particle phase with outdoor-to-indoor transport.

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Section: Species Mass Balancesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Polidori

Turpin

Meng

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…The I/O ratios for BS (from 0.44 for closed windows up to 0.61 for windows tilted open) were in general lower than the I/O ratios for BS or EC reported in other studies in which indoor activities took place. The average indoor-to-outdoor EC concentration in nonsmoking residences found by Geller et al (2002) was 0.85. Fischer et al (2000 measured I/O ratios of BS at homes located on high and low traffic intensity streets.…”

Section: I/o Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 80%

Relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of fine particle mass, particle number concentrations and black smoke under different ventilation conditions

Cyrys

Pitz

Bischof

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

136

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Fine particle mass (PM 2.5 ), black smoke (BS) and particle number concentration (NC) were measured simultaneously indoors and outdoors at an urban location in Erfurt, Germany. Measurements were conducted during 2-month periods in summer and winter. Different ventilation modes were applied during each measurement period: windows closed; windows opened widely for 15 min twice per day; windows and door across the room opened widely for 5 min twice per day and windows tilted open all day long. The lowest indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for all pollutants were found for closed windows, whereas the ratios for ventilated environments were higher. For closed windows, the I/O ratios for PM 2.5 are larger than the corresponding values for BS and NC (0.63 vs. 0.44 or 0.33, respectively) probably due to lower penetration factors for particles sizes o500 nm and higher deposition rates for ultrafine particles (o100 nm). The largest differences for the I/O ratios between closed and tilted windows were found for NC (0.33 vs. 0.78). The indoor and outdoor levels of PM 2.5 and BS were strongly correlated for all ventilation modes. The linear regression models showed that more than 75% of the daily indoor variation could be explained by the daily outdoor variation for those pollutants. However, the correlation between indoor and outdoor NC for ventilation twice a day was weak. It indicates that rapid changes of the air exchange rates during the day may affect the correlation and regression analysis of NC indoor and outdoor concentrations. This effect was not observed for PM 2.5 or BS. This study shows the importance of the indoor air aerosol measurements for health effects studies and the need for more research on I/O transport mechanisms for NC.

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“…The calculated median ratios of the indoor infiltration of ambient particles in Papers II--IV are presented in Table 5.4. Other studies have presented indoor/outdoor ratios for S or sulphate ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 (Geller et al, 2002;Janssen et al, 2005;Jones et al, 2000;Koistinen et al, 2004;Leaderer et al, 1999;Long and Sarnat, 2004;Sarnat et al, 2002;Wallace and Williams, 2005), with somewhat lower values found during winter than during the other seasons. Sweden has longer seasons of colder weather than do most countries, and Swedish homes are better insulated, with filtered ventilation systems that reduce the penetration factor of ambient particles.…”

Section: Infiltrationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

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The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM 2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66-80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children's environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO 2 , making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM 2.5 and particles sized 100-368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.

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Indoor/outdoor relationship and chemical composition of fine and coarse particles in the southern California deserts

Cited by 125 publications

References 16 publications

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Fine organic particulate matter dominates indoor-generated PM2.5 in RIOPA homes

Relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of fine particle mass, particle number concentrations and black smoke under different ventilation conditions

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

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