Increasing doses of chitosan to grazing beef steers: Nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen utilization

Dias, A.O.C.; Goes, Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de; Gandra, Jefferson Rodrigues; Takiya, Caio Seiti; Branco, Antônio Ferriani; Jacaúna, Amanna G; Oliveira, Raquel Tenório de; Souza, Clm; Vaz, Márcia Soares Mattos

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.015

Cited by 33 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This result agreed with a study that used the Rusitec system, in which the added chitosan increased C3 concentration up to 36.8% [32]. Furthermore, the results of in vivo studies have shown that chitosan supplementation in sheep (1.36 g/kg BW; [22]), beef steers (1.5 g/kg BW; [23]), grazing steers (1.6 g/kg of concentrate; [33]) and dairy cows (4 g/kg DM; [9]) could increase ruminal the molar proportion of C3 and a reduction in C2 to C3 ratio. Thus, chitosan may be highlighted as a potential ruminal modulator to enhance VFA profiles.…”

Section: Concentration Total Volatile Fatty Acid and Profilessupporting

confidence: 89%

Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis

Seankamsorn

Cherdthong

Wanapat

2019

Animals

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It was hypothesized that the combination of glycerin and chitosan improves ruminal fermentation efficiency via an enhanced propionate (C3) and reduces in vitro CH4 production. This was explored through in vitro gas production with substrates containing crude glycerin, which replaced cassava chips in the studied ration. The experimental design was organized following a 3 × 3 factorial in completely randomized design and the arrangement of treatments were different levels of crude glycerin supplementations 0, 10.5, and 21% of total mixed ration (TMR) and chitosan levels were added at 0, 1, and 2% dry matter (DM) of substrate. Then, 0.5 g of TMR substrates were added into 40 mL bottles, together with respective doses of chitosan and then incubated at 39 °C. The dietary treatments were performed in three replicates within the incubation, and incubations were repeated on three separate days (runs). No interactions were found between crude glycerin and chitosan doses in terms of theoretical maximum of asymptotic gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), the discrete lag time prior to gas production (L), or the cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation (p > 0.05). Cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation was similar among the doses of crude glycerin and levels of chitosan, which ranged from 64.27 to 69.66 mL/g DM basis of substrate (p > 0.05). The concentration of ruminal NH3-N after 2 and 4 h of incubation ranged from 14.61 to 17.10 mg/dL and did not change with the addition of crude glycerin with chitosan (p > 0.05). The concentration of CH4 after 2 h of incubation did not change among treatments (p > 0.05), whereas after 4 h of incubation, CH4 synthesis was significantly reduced by enhancing doses of crude glycerin and chitosan (p < 0.05). The combination of 21% of crude glycerin in TMR with 2% chitosan depressed CH4 production as much as 53.67% when compared to the non-supplemented group. No significant crude glycerin and chitosan interaction effect was detected for in vitro digestibility of nutrients after incubation for 12 and 24 h using the in vitro gas production technique (p > 0.05). In addition, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in total volatile fatty acids, acetate (C2) or butyrate content among treatments and between the main effects of crude glycerin with chitosan. At 4 h of incubation, ruminal C3 content and the C2 to C3 ratio changed significantly when crude glycerin and chitosan was added (p < 0.05). The 21% crude glycerin incorporate into TMR, in combination with 2% additional chitosan, increased C3 content by 26.41%, whereas the ratio of C2 to C3 was reduced by 31% when compared to the control group. Propionate concentration increased by 11.75% when increasing levels of chitosan at 2% of substrate, whereas the C2 to C3 ratio decreased by 13.99% compared to the 0% chitosan group. The inclusion of crude glycerin at 21% in TMR diets with chitosan supplementation at 2% enhanced ruminal propionate concentration and reduced methane production without causing any detrimental effect on the gas kinetics or nutrient digestibility.

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Section: Concentration Total Volatile Fatty Acid and Profilessupporting

confidence: 89%

Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis

Seankamsorn

Cherdthong

Wanapat

2019

Animals

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“…Results of the in vitro experiments with dietary additives have shown to be inconsistent between experiments [26] and discrepancies exist when evaluated directly under in vivo conditions. However, the use of chitosan as a feed additive has demonstrated its potential in productive performance, nutrient utilization efficiency, increased protein, lactose, and unsaturated fatty acid concentration in the milk of cows under in vivo conditions [27,28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants

Jiménez-Ocampo

Valencia-Salazar

Pinzón-Díaz³

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryRuminant husbandry is one the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector, particularly of methane gas, which is a byproduct of the anaerobic fermentation of structural and non-structural carbohydrates in the rumen. Increasing the efficiency of production systems and decreasing its environmental burden is a global commitment, thus methane mitigation is a strategy in which to reach these goals by rechanneling metabolic hydrogen (H2) into volatile fatty acids (VFA) to reduce the loss of energy as methane in the rumen, which ranges from 2% (grain rations) to 12% (poor-quality forage rations) of gross energy intake. A strategy to achieve that goal may be through the manipulation of rumen fermentation with natural compounds such as chitosan. In this review, we describe the effects of chitosan on feed intake and rumen fermentation, and present some results on methanogenesis. The main compounds with antimethanogenic properties are the secondary metabolites, which are generally classified into five main groups: saponins, tannins, essential oils, organosulfurized compounds, and flavonoids. Novel compounds of interest include chitosan obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, with beneficial properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and chelation of metal ions. This compound has shown its potential to modify the rumen microbiome, improve nitrogen (N) metabolism, and mitigate enteric methane (CH4) under some circumstances. Further evaluations in vivo are necessary at different doses in ruminant species as well as the economic evaluation of its incorporation in practical rations.AbstractLivestock production is a main source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases are CH4 with a global warming potential (GWP) 25 times and nitrous oxide (N2O) with a GWP 298 times, that of carbon dioxide (CO2) arising from enteric fermentation or from manure management, respectively. In fact, CH4 is the second most important GHG emitted globally. This current scenario has increased the concerns about global warming and encouraged the development of intensive research on different natural compounds to be used as feed additives in ruminant rations and modify the rumen ecosystem, fermentation pattern, and mitigate enteric CH4. The compounds most studied are the secondary metabolites of plants, which include a vast array of chemical substances like polyphenols and saponins that are present in plant tissues of different species, but the results are not consistent, and the extraction cost has constrained their utilization in practical animal feeding. Other new compounds of interest include polysaccharide biopolymers such as chitosan, mainly obtained as a marine co-product. As with other compounds, the effect of chitosan on the rumen microbial population depends on the source, purity, dose, process of extraction, and storage. In addition, it is important to identify compounds without adverse effects on rumen fermentation. The present review is aimed at providing in...

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“…In several studies with ruminants, e.g. beef cattle (Araújo et al ., 2015; Dias et al ., 2017) and dairy cattle (Garcia-Rodriguez et al ., 2015; de Paiva et al ., 2016; Gandra et al ., 2016; Del Valle et al ., 2017), chitosan was effective in improving nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and, in some cases, feed efficiency and milk yield.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intensification of livestock systems to produce animal protein for the human population has created a demand for information about the use of agro-industrial by-products associated with additives that allow for adequate lamb performance. Some of the main additives used in ruminant feeding are ionophores, organic acids, plant extracts (Calsamiglia et al ., 2007) and, more recently, chitosan (Henry et al ., 2015; Dias et al ., 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion

et al. 2019

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The current study was carried out to examine the effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion. Eighty uncastrated Santa Inês lambs (23 ± 2.2 kg average weight, 4 months old) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that consisted of two cottonseed processing forms (whole or ground) and two chitosan levels (0 or 136 mg/kg live weight). Higher dry matter and organic matter apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was achieved with the diets containing the whole cottonseed. Ether extract ADC was higher in the animals fed the chitosan-containing diet. There was an interaction effect on the ADC of neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, which increased with chitosan inclusion associated with the whole cottonseed. The lambs that received the treatment containing the whole cottonseed showed higher microbial protein synthesis. Chitosan addition increased nitrogen retention. The animals fed chitosan-containing diets showed higher microbial protein synthesis. There was an interaction effect on microbial protein synthesis. Whole cottonseed associated with chitosan in lamb diets increases ether extract ADC and microbial protein synthesis.

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Increasing doses of chitosan to grazing beef steers: Nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and nitrogen utilization

Cited by 33 publications

References 29 publications

Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis

Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis

The Role of Chitosan as a Possible Agent for Enteric Methane Mitigation in Ruminants

Effect of cottonseed processing and chitosan supplementation on lamb performance, digestibility and nitrogen digestion

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