Increased Growth Inhibitory Effects on Human Cancer Cells and Anti-inflammatory Potency of Shogaols from Zingiber officinale Relative to Gingerols

Abstract

Ginger, the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, has received extensive attention due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. Most researchers have considered gingerols as the active principles and have paid little attention to shogaols, the dehydration products of corresponding gingerols during storage or thermal processing. In this study, we have purified and identified eight major components including three major gingerols and corresponding shogaols from ginger extract and compared their anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Our results showed that shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-) had much stronger growth inhibitory effects than gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-) on H-1299 human lung cancer cells and HCT-116 human colon cancer cells, especially when comparing [6]-shogaol with [6]-gingerol (IC50: ~8 µM vs. ~150 µM). In addition, we found that [6]-shogaol had much stronger inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid release and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis than [6]-gingerol.

Gelam Honey and Ginger Potentiate the Anti Cancer Effect of 5-FU against HCT 116 Colorectal Cancer Cells

“…We have previously demonstrated that ginger extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 hepatoma cells and the formation of tumor in liver cancer-induced rats (Mohd Yusof et al, 2008). Ginger was believed to suppress the hepatocarcinogenesis mainly through induction of apoptosis in the cancer cell, as indicated by downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and upregulation of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-8 (Mohd Yusof et al, 2008), as well as supressing inflammation (Jeong et al, 2009;Sang et al, 2009) by inactivating nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κβ) (Habib et al, 2008). Other studies have also reported the mechanism of anti-tumour effect of ginger extract via induction of apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines following treatment with ginger phenolic compounds (Lee and Surh, 1998;Miyoshi et al, 2003).…”

“…However, shogaols have gained more interest because of recent discoveries revealing their higher anti-cancer potencies over gingerols (Sang et al, 2009). Another component in ginger extract, zerumbone, a sesquiterpene in ginger, has been suggested to induce apoptosis in HCT 116 cell line as indicated by upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosisinducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5 (Yodkeeree et al, 2009) while 6-shogaol has been suggested to induce apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma cell line COLO 205 (Pan et al, 2008).…”

Anti-proliferative properties of commercial Pelargonium sidoides tincture, with cell-cycle G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in Jurkat leukaemia cells

“…Plant extracts with these properties are rich in phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, anacardic acids, proanthocyanidins, phenylcoumarins, theaflavins, cannabinoids, phenolic amides, curcuminoids, stilbene oligomers, xanthones, phenolic oils and flavonoligans (Anilkumar 2010). Specific phenolic compounds include quercetin (Dajas 2012), anacardic acid (Sun et al 2006;Hsieh & Hernández-Ledesma 2011), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) (Khan & Mukhtar 2008), gallic acid (Verma et al 2013), proanthocyanidins (Nandakumar et al 2008), curcumin (Goel et al 2008), cannabinoids (Alexander et al 2009), mangostin (Nakagawa et al 2007;Johnson et al 2012), gossypin (Kim et al 2008;Shi et al 2012), silymarin (Ramasamy & Agarwal 2008), gingerols and shagoals Sang et al 2009). In addition, anticancer effects can also include inhibition of cell growth, cell-cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of topoisomerase enzymes and matrix metalloproteinases as well as angiogenesis.…”

Examination of the Pharmacokinetics of Active Ingredients of Ginger in Humans

“…Gingerols are a series of homologues with varied unbranched alkyl chain length, whereas shogaols are a series of homologues derived from gingerols with dehydration at the C-5 and C-4 during longterm storage or thermal processing. Other active compounds from the oleoresin portion of ginger were also reported, such as [6]-paradol; [6] (17)(18)(19). Among these compounds, gingerols and shogaols are the major constituents of oleoresin, while the other compounds are present in a limited amount, accounting for 1-10% of the overall amount of gingerols and shogaols (19).…”