Sensors and sensitivity: A highly luminescent microporous metal-organic framework, [Zn(2)(bpdc)(2)(bpee)] (bpdc = 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate; bpee = 1,2-bipyridylethene), is capable of very fast and reversible detection of the vapors of the nitroaromatic explosive 2,4-dinitrotoluene and the plastic explosive taggant 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane, through redox fluorescence quenching with unprecedented sensitivity (see spectra).

Introduction 836 1.1. Background and History 836 1.2. Examples of Commensurate Adsorption of Hydrocarbons 836 2. Hydrocarbon Adsorption in MMOFs 838 2.1. Gas Adsorption and Adsorptive Separation 838 2.2. Selective Adsorption of Hydrocarbons in MMOFs 842 2.3. Adsorption: Methods and Characterization 844 2.3.1. Experimental Methods 844 2.3.2. Modeling and Simulations 844 2.3.3. Physical Properties of Adsorbates 845 3. Commensurate Adsorption of Hydrocarbons in MMOFs 845 3.1. Crystal and Pore Structures 845 3.2. Commensurate Adsorption in Selected MMOFs 846 3.2.1. [M 3 (fa) 6 ] 3 sol (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni) 846 3.2.2. [Cu(hfipbb)(H 2 hfipbb) 0.5 ] 848 3.2.3. [Cu 2 (pzdc) 2 (pyz)] 3 2H 2 O 848 3.2.4. Al 12 O(OH) 18 (H 2 O) 3 (Al 2 (OH) 4 )[btc] 6 3 24H 2 O (MIL-96) 849 3.2.5. [Zn 2 (bpdc) 2 (bpee)] 3 2DMF (RPM3-Zn) 852 3.2.6. [Zn 2 (bpdc) 2 (bpe)] 3 2DMF (RPM4-Zn) 853 3.2.7. [V IV O(bdc)] (MIL-47) 854 3.2.8. [M III (OH)(bdc)] (M = Al, Cr, Fe and Ga) (MIL-53) 856 4. Commensurate Adsorption in Other Porous Structures 859 4.1. [Cu(dhbc) 2 (4,4 0 -bpy)] 3 H 2 O 859 4.2. [Cd 3 (btb) 2 (DEF) 4 ] 3 2DEF 860 5. Concluding Remarks 861 Author Information 861 Biographies 861 Acknowledgment 862 List of Abbreviations 862 References 863 dx.

As a new family of adsorbent materials, porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted enormous attention over the past decade.[1] Having a large surface area, [2] tunable pore size and shape, [3] adjustable composition and functionalizable pore surface, [4] MOFs show unique advantages and promises for potential applications in adsorption-based storage and separation technologies for small gas molecules such as H 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4 . [1b,d, 5] CO 2 capture from flue gases is of particular importance in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in preserving environmental health. A flue gas mixture is composed of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and other minor components such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.[1b, 6] Separation of low-concentration CO 2 (about 10-15 %) from nitrogen-rich streams remains a challenging task at the present time. Adsorption-based CO 2 capture and separation is considered an effective way and may have a real potential if adsorbents with both high CO 2 selectivity and capacity near room temperature (up to 50 8C) and in the lowpressure range can be developed. [7] Recent studies have revealed a number of MOFs that show a high performance in capturing and separating CO 2 from N 2 and other small gases under conditions mimicking power plant flue gas mixtures. [8]

LiNi1–x–y Co x Al y O2 (NCA) and LiNi1–x–y Mn x Co y O2 (NMC) materials are widely used in electric vehicle and energy storage applications. Derived from LiNiO2, NCA and NMC materials with various chemistries were developed by replacing Ni with different cations. Many studies of the failure mechanisms of NCA and NMC materials have attributed the cell degradation to the anisotropic volume change of particles. In this work, it is shown that for Ni-rich layered transition metal oxide materials, regardless of composition, the unit cell volumes change in an almost identical manner during delithiation. Half-cell cycling data collected from 26 sets of Ni-rich materials with different compositions allow a relationship between capacity retention and accessible capacity to be observed. This relationship can be correlated to the change in unit cell volume during the lithiation–delithiation process. This work suggests a universal failure mechanism for Ni-rich positive electrode materials that must be overcome.