Increased chondrocyte adhesion on nanotubular anodized titanium

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated increased osteoblast (bone-forming cells) functions (including adhesion, synthesis of intracellular collagen, alkaline phosphatase activity, and deposition of calcium-containing minerals) on titanium anodized to possess nanometer features compared with their unanodized counterparts. Such titanium materials were anodized to possess novel nanotubes also capable of drug delivery. Since titanium has not only experienced wide spread commercial use in orthopedic but also in cartilage applications, the objective of the present in vitro study was for the first time to investigate chondrocyte (cartilage synthesizing cells) functions on titanium anodized to possess nanotubes. For this purpose, titanium was anodized in dilute hydrofluoric acid at 20 V for 20 min. Results showed increased chondrocyte adhesion on anodized titanium with nanotube structures compared with unanodized titanium. Importantly, the present study also provided evidence why. Since material characterization studies revealed significantly greater nanometer roughness and similar chemistry as well as crystallinity between nanotubular anodized and unanodized titanium, the results of the present study highlight the importance of the nanometer roughness provided by anodized nanotubes on titanium for enhancing chondrocyte adhesion. In this manner, the results of the present in vitro study indicated that anodization might be a promising quick and inexpensive method to modify the surface of titanium-based implants to induce better chondrocyte adhesion for cartilage applications.

Increased fibroblast functionality on CNN2-loaded titania nanotubes

“…In addition, previous research has clearly proven that nanotube surfaces promote bone, skin, and other tissue growth more than current conventional surfaces. 16,[20][21][22] Several papers have been published that have focused on the applications of titanium nanotube drug coatings, but none of them has examined the use of this delivery system at the percutaneous site. 18,23,24,35 Titanium …”

“…Recent reports have shown better cell attachment to nanotubular surfaces that are more hydrophobic than unmodified surfaces. 20,41,42 But according to some results in the literature, fibroblasts prefer a smooth surface to a rough surface. 43 To prevent any side effect of CNN2 in the bone healing process, a two-stage solution may be a good choice for the further clinic application of the CNN2-loaded titania nanotube surface on percutaneous implant.…”

“…16,[20][21][22] This material has served as a carrier for several agents such as proteins, antibacterial compounds, and other drugs. 18,[22][23][24][25] In addition, titania nanotubes are highly ordered with different diameters and lengths that can be easily fabricated to specification.…”

1D Titania Nanoarchitecture as Bioactive and Photoactive Coatings for Modern Implants: A Review

“…Diameters of 15-20 nm are optimal and in case of such TNT presence on the surface of titanium implants, increase in adhesion and proliferation of several types of living cells, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and endothelial cells, was confirmed [127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]. Higher tube diameters (>100 nm) have no positive influence on the increasing of adhesion or proliferation and some authors have shown that TNT of such diameters led to apoptosis, i.e., programmed cell death [135].…”

Mechanical Properties of Nanotextured Titanium Orthopedic Screws for Clinical Applications

“…In order to obtain the best performance during clinical use, mechanical properties of implants need to be investigated and understood. To date, the growth of cell cultures has been used to study implants [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], but few studies have investigated the mechanical properties of nanotextured implants [15]. Titanium orthopedics have many advantages over traditional stainless steel implants, such as: better osteo-integration, a modulus of elasticity closer to that of bone, higher strength, and lower cost [12].…”