In Vitro Evaluation of Feed Quality of Fermented Tithonia diversifolia with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Persea americana miller Leaves as Forages for Goat

Abstract

Fermented Tithonia diversifolia and Persea americana miller or avocado leaves as local alternative forages for goats are potential as protein, mineral, and energy sources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermented Tithonia diversifolia (FTD) and avocado leaves (AL) combination on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fluid characteristics, and methane production. This study consisted of 3 trials. Trial 1 evaluated FTD's nutrient content with Lactobacillus bulgaricus with different durations of fermentation arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T. diversifolia without fermentation and fermentation of T. diversifolia for 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. Trial 2 was in vitro evaluation on different days of fermented T. diversifolia in a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and four replications. Trial 3 was in vitro evaluation of FTD for 5 days and AL combination, which consisted of four combinations. FTDAL1 = 20% FTD+80% AL; FTDAL2 = 40% FTD+60% AL; FTDAL3 = 60% FTD+40% AL; and FTDAL4 = 80% FTD+20% AL. Experimental diets were incubated using Tilley and Terry method. Fermentation of T. diversifolia using L. bulgaricus significantly increased nutrient components (p<0.01), nutrient digestibility (p<0.01), and rumen fluid characteristics (p<0.05). In vitro evaluation of FTD and AL combination significantly increased nutrient digestibility, total volatile fatty acid, ammonia concentration, total gas production, and methane production (p<0.05), but insignificantly affected pH rumen fluid. It is concluded that the combination of 80% fermented T. diversifolia and 20% avocado leaves has the potential to increase dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, cellulose digestibility, and rumen fluid characteristics, but it is not optimum to decrease total gas and methane gas production.

Effectiveness of herbal plants on rumen fermentation, methane gas emissions, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and population of protozoa

“…The decrease in CH 4 gas production is directly proportional to the decrease in the protozoan population because the availability of H 2 for methanogens decreases, and a decrease in the protozoa population in the rumen results in a higher population of bacteria [ 49 ]. In addition, protein turnover in the rumen is lower and the amount of microbial protein that enters the duodenum increases [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Pre-treatments of <i>Mirasolia diversifolia</i> using <i>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</i> at different dosages and fermentation times: Phytic acid concentration, enzyme activity, and fermentation characteristics

“…Lactobacillus bulgaricus utilized the fermentable carbohydrate such as NFE (nitrogen free extract) that was available in fermented M. diversifolia. Pazla et al (2023) reported that the fermentation of T. diversifolia would reduce the content of NFE because NFE is a fermentable energy source for microbial growth. Serial dilution and method or culture technique can also affect the results of the calculation of the number of bacterial colonies.…”

Optimizing Nutrient Digestibility Through Fermentation of Mangrove (Sonneratia alba) Fruit with Aspergillus niger: Implications for Livestock Feed Quality Improvement

“…Fermentation of sugarcane tops using Pleurotus ostreatus and Aspergillus oryzae resulted in a pH of 6.83-6.98 (Pazla et al 2021b). Fermentation of Tithonia diversifolia using Lactobacillus bulgaricus produced a pH of 7.19-7.31 (Pazla et al 2023b).…”