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Abstract. Pazla R, Jamarun N, Zain M, Yanti G, Chandra RH. 2021. Quality evaluation of tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum and Aspergillus ficuum at different incubation times. Biodiversitas 22: 3936-3942. This research aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum and Aspergillus ficuum with different incubation times on nutritional content, digestibility, phytase enzyme activity, and characteristics of rumen fluid. The research used an experimental method with a factorial completely randomized design to evaluate the nutritional content and phytase enzyme activity after fermentation (stage 1). A randomized block design was used to evaluate in vitro digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics (stage 2). For factorial completely randomized design, factor A is the type of microbe (L. plantarum and A. ficuum), then factor B is the incubation time (3,5,7 days). Parameters observed were the nutritional content of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and phytase enzyme activity. For the Randomized Block Design, the research treatments were A = A. ficuum + 5 days of incubation, B = A. ficuum + 7 days of incubation, C = L. plantarum + 3 days of incubation, D = L. plantarum + 5 days of incubation. Parameters measured were the digestibility of dry matter(DMD), organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), crude fiber (CFD), rumen pH, VFA production, and NH3 rumen fluid. The results showed that there was an interaction between the type of microbe and incubation time. The treatment had a significantly different effect (P<0.05) on the content of OM, CP, CF and phytase enzyme activity, but no interaction with the content of DM treatment. In the digestibility, the results showed that the effect was not significantly different (P>0.05) on DMD, OMD, CPD but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on CFD. The treatments also had no significant effect (P>0.05) on VFA but were significantly different (P<0.05) on NH3. From this study, it can be concluded that fermented tithonia using A. ficuum with an incubation period of 7 days could improve the quality of tithonia. It can be seen from the content of CP (31.02%), CF (16.52%), phytase enzyme activity (37.36 U/ml), DMD (66.86%), OMD (67.36%), CFD (81.01%), CPD (70.37%), VFA production 135 mM and NH3 concentration 14.31 mg/100 ml, and pH value 6.72 which is suitable for rumen microbial growth.

The productivity of Pesisir cattle is influenced by the protein-energy ratio in the feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) inefficient feed for production in Pesisir cattle, by looking at intake, nutrient digestibility, and production performance. Four male Pesisir cattle with an average initial body weight of 118.13 ± 13.13 kg, were designed with a latin square design into 4 feed treatments: treatment T1 (CP 14.45% and TDN 57.53%), treatment T2 (CP 14.08% and TDN 57.80%), treatment T3 (CP 13.38% and TDN 58.12%) and treatment T4 (CP 12.59% and TDN 58.56%). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance. The results showed that there was an increase in intake, nutrient digestibility, and production performance in cattle that got a ratio of CP 13.38% and TDN 58.12% (C treatment) (P <0.05). The lowest intake was found in treatment T4 (P <0.05) but the lowest nutrient digestibility and production performance were found in treatment T1 (P <0.05). The study concludes that the ratio of CP and TDN could increase intake, feed digestibility, and production performance of Pesisir cattle with 13.38 %: 58.12 %.

Abstract. Jamarun N, Pazla R, Arief, Jayanegara A, Yanti G. 2020. Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5230-5236. This study aimed to determine the potential of mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina for ruminant animal feed. Laboratory tests were carried out on A. marina with three replicates. Parameters measured were proximate and fiber contents, rumen fluid profile (pH, NH3 and VFA), digestibility of nutrients (DM, Ash, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose), macro and micro mineral contents, and phytochemical compounds. The results showed the nutritional content of A. marina were CP 13.37%; Ash 7.17%; lignin 7.34%; TDN 79%, rumen fluid profile is in reasonable condition, digestibility of food substances is more than 50%, rich in macro and micro minerals and contains phytochemical compounds such as phenols, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. Macro and micro minerals content of Ca 0.38%, Na 0.20%, Mg 0.20%, K 0.48%, P 0.51%, S 0.01%, Cl 1.03%, Fe 388 ppm, Zn 164 ppm, Mn 211 ppm, and Cu 128 ppm. This research concludes that A. marina is very potential to be used as a ruminant animal feed.