In Vitro Effect of the Traditional Medicine Hainosan (Painongsan) on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Minami, Masaaki; Takase, Hiroshi; Taira, Masayo; Makino, Toshiaki

doi:10.3390/medicines6020058

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(29 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Although the inhibition of essential virulence factors (gtf and ftf) may be the principal purpose for the prevention of tooth decay and other plaque-related disorders, among the many crude drugs used in traditional Chinese medicine and Kampo medicine, we cannot find any crude drugs that affect glucosyltransferase of S. mutans including the suppression of mRNA expression except for those constituting hainosan. We reported the anti-biofilm effect of HNS on Porphyromonas gingivalis because of the injury of bacterial cell surface [12]. Although a similar effect on bacteria was seen, we also found a new effect of HNS on suppressing the expression of biofilm-associated genes such as glucosyltransferase in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…While we found that the hainosan extract (HNS) may suppress the bacterial growth and biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis [11,12], it remains unclear whether HNS is effective against another oral pathogenic bacterium, S. mutans. Thus, our objective was to investigate the antibacterial effects of HNS against S. mutans in this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…We performed the biofilm assay with some modification [12]. S. mutans (1 × 10 6 CFU) were cultured TSB in 96-well polystyrene plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with or without HNS, the extract, or platycodin D (Fujifilm Wako) for 48 h at 37 • C. After the removal of the medium, we washed the plates three times with PBS.…”

Section: Safranin Red Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Platycodin D is known as one of the constituents in PG [12]. We assessed the effect of platycodin D on S. mutans biofilm formation by safranin red staining.…”

Section: Effect Of Platycodin D On S Mutans Biofilmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Minami

Takase

Taira³

et al. 2020

Dentistry Journal

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that causes dental plaques, forms a biofilm on tooth surfaces. This biofilm can cause gingivitis by stimulating the gingival margin. However, there is no established treatment for biofilm removal. Hainosan (Painongsan), a traditional Japanese Kampo formula, has been used to treat gingivitis. Therefore, we investigated the biofilm suppressive effects of the hainosan extract (HNS) and its components on S. mutans. We conducted scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses to clarify the anti-biofilm activities of HNS and its crude drugs. We also performed a quantitative RT-PCR assay to assess the biofilm-related gene expression. HNS showed a significant dose-dependent suppressive effect on biofilm formation. Both the scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses also revealed the significant inhibitory effects of the extract on biofilm formation. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that HNS disrupted the surface of the bacterial wall. Furthermore, HNS reduced the hydrophobicity of the bacteria, and suppressed the mRNA expression of β-glucosyltransferase (gtfB), glucosyltransferase-SI (gtfC), and fructosyltransferase (ftf). Among the constituents of hainosan, the extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) showed the strongest biofilm suppression effect. Platycodin D, one of the constituent natural compounds of PG, inhibited S. mutans-associated biofilm. These findings indicate that hainosan eliminates dental plaques by suppressing biofilm formation by S. mutans.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Safranin Red Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Platycodin D is known as one of the constituents in PG [12]. We assessed the effect of platycodin D on S. mutans biofilm formation by safranin red staining.…”

Section: Effect Of Platycodin D On S Mutans Biofilmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Minami

Takase

Taira³

et al. 2020

Dentistry Journal

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the lowest concentration at which 90% of growth was inhibited (corresponding to the lowest concentration of no visible growth in the well) compared with vehicle control, as previously reported [33,34], and the IC 50 was defined as the lowest concentration at which 50% of growth was inhibited. As there is no standard method described in the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines for growing and evaluating the MIC of P. gingivalis, we followed previously described methods with some modifications [30][31][32]. Briefly, the bacterial culture previously incubated for 48 hours was standardized to a final concentration of 10 6 CFU/mL in sBHI using a Cytation 3 multimode plate reader (Biotek1, Winooski, VT) by change in optical density (OD 600 nm), and confirmed by colony plate counts.…”

Section: Growth Inhibition Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activity of plant species used for oral health against Porphyromonas gingivalis

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which causes tooth loss and deterioration of gingiva. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for oral hygiene and health and might play a role as antibacterial agents against oral pathogens. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plants used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis against P. gingivalis. We first reviewed the literature to identify plant species used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis. Then, we cross-checked this species list with our in-house library of plant extracts to select extracts for testing. Antibacterial activity tests were then performed for each plant extract against P. gingivalis, and their cytotoxicity was assessed on HaCaT cells. The selectivity index (SI) was then calculated. A total of 416 plant species belonging to 110 families and 305 genera were documented through our literature search, and 158 plant species were noted as being used by North American Native peoples Once cross-checked with the extracts contained in our library of natural products, 30 matches were identified and 21 were defined as high priority. Of the 109 extracts from 21 plant species selected and tested, 21 extracts from 11 plants had higher than 90% inhibition on P. gingivalis at 64 μg/mL and were further selected for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) assays. Out of 21 plant extracts, 13 extracts (7 plant species) had a SI > 10. Pistacia lentiscus fruits showed the best MIC with value of 8 μg/mL, followed by Zanthoxylum armatum fruits/seeds with a MIC of 16 μg/mL. P. lentiscus fruits also showed the highest SI of 256. Most of the extracts tested present promising antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Further testing for biofilm eradication and examination of activity against other dental pathogens and oral commensals should be performed to confirm the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents. Future work will focus on application of a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to isolating and identifying the most active natural products in the top performing extracts. This study can serve as a basis for their future development as ingredients for oral hygiene products.

show abstract

Inhibitory effect of extracts of hainosan (painongsan) and its constituent crude drugs on production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 in murine fibroblasts treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis

Minami

Taira²,

Makino

2023

Traditional & Kampo Medicine

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim Hainosan (painongsan), composed of Platycodon grandiflorum root (PG), Paeonia lactiflora root (PL), and Citrus aurantium immature fruit (AF), is a formula used in traditional Japanese (Kampo) and Chinese medicine to treat purulent diseases, including gingivitis. In this study, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory effects of hainosan extract (HNS) using both traditional direct and serum pharmacological techniques. Methods BALB/c mice were orally treated with HNS or extracts of its constituent crude drugs for one week. Murine RCB2767 fibroblasts were incubated with a medium containing heat‐killed Porphyromonas gingivalis and HNS, extracts of the constituent crude drugs, or serum samples collected from mice orally treated with these extracts. The monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) and interleukin (IL)‐6 in the medium were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of HNS and its constituent crude drugs on the proliferative potential of fibroblasts was evaluated by radioisotope‐labeled thymidine uptake capacity. Results The concentrations of MCP‐1 and IL‐6 in the culture supernatants were significantly increased by treatment with heat‐killed bacteria. In addition, PG and PL extracts significantly inhibited MCP‐1 and IL‐6 production. Furthermore, supplementation of serum samples from mice orally treated with the extracts to the culture medium resulted in significant inhibition of induction of these cytokines. HNS, extracts of PG, PL and AF, and serum samples collected from mice treated with these extracts significantly augmented 3H‐thymidine uptake in fibroblasts. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that HNS has anti‐inflammatory effects in murine fibroblasts and that PL and PG could contribute to the effects of hainosan.

show abstract

In Vitro Effect of the Traditional Medicine Hainosan (Painongsan) on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Antibacterial activity of plant species used for oral health against Porphyromonas gingivalis

Inhibitory effect of extracts of hainosan (painongsan) and its constituent crude drugs on production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 in murine fibroblasts treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About