Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Abstract

<jats:p>Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that causes dental plaques, forms a biofilm on tooth surfaces. This biofilm can cause gingivitis by stimulating the gingival margin. However, there is no established treatment for biofilm removal. Hainosan (Painongsan), a traditional Japanese Kampo formula, has been used to treat gingivitis. Therefore, we investigated the biofilm suppressive effects of the hainosan extract (HNS) and its components on S. mutans. We conducted scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses to clarify the anti-biofilm activities of HNS and its crude drugs. We also performed a quantitative RT-PCR assay to assess the biofilm-related gene expression. HNS showed a significant dose-dependent suppressive effect on biofilm formation. Both the scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses also revealed the significant inhibitory effects of the extract on biofilm formation. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that HNS disrupted the surface of the bacterial wall. Furthermore, HNS reduced the hydrophobicity of the bacteria, and suppressed the mRNA expression of β-glucosyltransferase (gtfB), glucosyltransferase-SI (gtfC), and fructosyltransferase (ftf). Among the constituents of hainosan, the extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) showed the strongest biofilm suppression effect. Platycodin D, one of the constituent natural compounds of PG, inhibited S. mutans-associated biofilm. These findings indicate that hainosan eliminates dental plaques by suppressing biofilm formation by S. mutans.</jats:p>

Inhibitory effect of extracts of hainosan (painongsan) and its constituent crude drugs on production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and interleukin‐6 in murine fibroblasts treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…Each crude drug, according to the grade of Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 18th edition [13], was supplied by JPS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Yokohama, Japan). HNS used in this study was the same as that used in our previous study [10][11][12]. A four-day dose of hainosan (22.5 g) or each crude drug (10 g) was boiled in water (20 times the weight) for 30 min.…”

“…This formula has been utilized for the treatment of acute and chronic purulent diseases, including PD. In our previous study, hainosan extract (HNS) exhibited antibacterial activity [10][11][12]. However, the detailed mechanism of action underlying periodontal inflammation, such as dysregulation of cytokines, remains unknown.…”

Painong San, a Traditional Chinese Compound Herbal Medicine, Restores Colon Barrier Function on DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice

“…PNS (named Hainosan in Japanese) is also the OTC medicinal product in Kampo in Japanese to treat various purulent diseases including intestinal carbuncle [9]. Combining modern research, it is found that its formula has good effects in anti-inflammatory [10,11], antibacterial [12][13][14], and regulating intestinal secretion [15]. But there is no scientific report to show its curative effect on intestinal inflammatory diseases.…”

Effect of dextransucrase antibodies on biofilm formation and certain cariogenic activities in Streptococcus mutans

“…Gtf genes such as gtfB, gtfC and gtf D also appear to be essential for cariogenesis [9]. Gtf B forms water-insoluble α−1,3 binding glucans, gtfC produces α−1,3 and α−1,6 binding glucans, and gtfD produces water-soluble α−1,6 binding glucans or dextran, which are required for biofilm-mediated plaque formation [10][11][12].…”