“…Tracing reports and publications to date, oral use causes side effects of gastric ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and bleeding (Kumar et al, 2013). Based on the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), ibuprofen is classified in Class II (Darusman et al, 2021). Therefore, to overcome side effects, increase solubility, and improve its release, it can be formulated in the form of a transdermal.…”