Objective: This research aimed to find modeling and optimization of a novel kinetic-assisted infundation for rich-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and polyphenols extraction from white tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.).Methods: The optimal conditions for the best extraction of kinetic-assisted infundation were determined using central composite design. The content of EGCG, catechin, gallic acid, caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV-detection). The total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured using the spectrophotometric method. The semi-purified extract was characterized by HPLC, fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-universal attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-UATR), and powder-X ray diffraction (P-XRD). The extraction mechanism of target compounds was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) qualitatively.Results: The optimum process for the rich-EGCG and polyphenolic extraction using kinetic-assisted infundation was the concentration of simplicia 14.75 %, the stir rate 440 rpm, and extraction time 12.31 min. The yield of extracts, TPC, TFC, EGCG, caffeine, gallic acid, and theobromine contents in the optimal extraction process were 9.34 %, 70.97 %, 13.95 %, 29.02 %, 11.95 %, 1.33 %, and 0.33 %, respectively.Conclusion: The kinetic-assisted infundation method proved to be easy to apply with good results as an alternative technique for extracting polyphenolic compounds and rich-EGCG from white tea leaves.
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs, and oral use can cause side effects. Transdermal patch dosage forms are useful for minimizing side effects on oral administration. Transdermal patches are formulated using a special membrane that can control drug release in the matrix system. This study was intended to determine the characteristics of the resulting patch, the optimum composition of the formula, and the profile of the release of transdermal ibuprofen release. The film matrix optimization on the ibuprofen patch formulation uses design of experiment (DoE) approach using factorial design 22. The mixture of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) components gives a pleasant texture, and the release results in vitro show a proper and controlled release of the ibuprofen patch. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the patch has excellent characteristics with a good texture so that the development time is long with the optimum formula of chitosan and HPMC, as well as having a proper and controlled release profile.
Objective: Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata f. rubra) has a fairly high anthocyanin content and is a source of powerful antioxidants. This study is basic for the development of a nutraceutical, which has nephroprotective activity.Methods: Red cabbage was extracted using ethanol and water with a mixture of citric acid with a variation of 1, 2, and 3%. The total anthocyanin was determined with pH-differential method. The Wistar strain male rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 as a negative control, Group 2 as a positive control treated with Vitamin E dose of 400 mg/kg BW day. Groups 3–5 were treated with three different extract dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Gentamicin was given intraperitoneally and captopril orally for 3 days. Extracts and Vitamin E were administrated orally for 15 days after induction of gentamicin-captopril. Nephroprotective activity was determined by measuring the levels of serum creatinine, blood ureum, and macroscopic kidney.Results: The combination of 96% ethanol and citric acid 3% showed the percent of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl arrest of 75.23% and contained 53.49 ± 5.01 mg/L of total anthocyanin. The anthocyanin pigment from red cabbage extract can decrease the levels of creatinine and ureum, which dose of 100 mg/kg BW showed the highest value of 48.72%. There were differences in the macroscopic morphology in the rat kidney.Conclusion: Based on the results, we concluded that ethanol with 3% citric acid produced higher anthocyanin and showed nephroprotective activity.
Daun kopi robusta (Coffea canephora) memiliki potensi sebagai agen antioksidan dan antidiabetes karena kandungan senyawa fenolik yang melimpah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak etanolik daun kopi robusta (EEDK) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi kelompok normal, kontrol negatif (NaCMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (metformin 34,6 mg/200 gBB), dan tiga perlakuan (EEDK dosis 59, 118, dan 236 mg/kgBB). Pemodelan tikus diabetes dengan pemberian sukrosa dan diet lemak tinggi selama 85 hari. Ekstrak diberikan pada hari ke-86 sampai 100, kadar glukosa darah diukur hari 91; 96 dan 101. Penurunan kadar glukosa darah kelompok kontrol positif sebesar 69,26%. Kelompok perlakuan ekstrak berturut-turut 47,05%; 56,93% dan 72,48%. Ekstrak daun kopi robusta memiliki aktivitas sebagai antidiabetes dan tidak terdapat perbedaan dibandingkan metformin (p>0,05). Rata-rata nilai AUC96-101 yang paling rendah dan mempunyai persentase penurunan kadar glukosa darah yang paling besar ditunjukan oleh EEDK dosis 236 mg/kgBB. Nilai ED50 EEDK yaitu 126,90 mg/kg BB. Daun kopi robusta memiliki potensi sebagai agen antidiabetes.
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