“…Moreover, the reduction of yield is due to the leaves of the plant having spiny margins and flowers are spiny also so; it is very difficult to manipulate the manual treatment with the plant during different stages of growth particularly during harvesting. Also, using herbicides creates a problem with the contamination of the fruits (seeds) with toxins [13].Fig. 1(A) – Strong thorny stem, (B) – Spiked leaves and (C) – Flowers tipped with stiff spines.…”
Section: Problems Associated With Conventional Propagationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cotyledon explants have employed to produce callus tissues [32], [38]. Leaves explants was used for initiation of callus [13], [28], [30], [33]. Also, hypocotyls [28], [35], [39], and roots explants [30] were used for establishment of callus cultures (Table 2).…”
Section: In Vitro Culture Of S Marianummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Auxins, 1-naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) or IBA or IAA and cytokinins, kinetin (Kin) or benzyladenine (BA) or Zeatin have been used, alone or in combination to induce callus formation from different plant explants. According to literature (Table 2), 2,4-D at levels ranged from 0.25 to 4.0 mg/l was the most auxins used alone [28] or in combination with Kin [13], [35] or BA [30], [32], [33]. BA at levels ranged from 0.05 to 5 mg/l was the most cytokinin used alone [19] or in combination with 2,4-D [30], [33] or NAA [27], [37].…”
Section: In Vitro Culture Of S Marianummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Shoot cultures from shoot tips explants were established. The best medium for proliferation of high number of shoots was MS-medium with 0.25 mg/l each of BA and NAA [13]. Also, nodal segment was used for shoot initiation when cultured on MS medium with Kin (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l).…”
This review article presents a consolidated explanation and provides a comprehensive description of various studies, carried out on in vitro culture and hairy root cultures of S. marianum which can be consider an alternative source of flavonolignans. To overcome the constrains of conventional propagation of silybum plant, tissue culture and advanced biotechnology proved to be an influential tool that can complement conventional breeding and accelerate silybum development. The present review is focused on biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, hairy root cultures and genetic fidelity of S. marianum which can be a potent tool for production of secondary metabolites from these cultures.
“…Moreover, the reduction of yield is due to the leaves of the plant having spiny margins and flowers are spiny also so; it is very difficult to manipulate the manual treatment with the plant during different stages of growth particularly during harvesting. Also, using herbicides creates a problem with the contamination of the fruits (seeds) with toxins [13].Fig. 1(A) – Strong thorny stem, (B) – Spiked leaves and (C) – Flowers tipped with stiff spines.…”
Section: Problems Associated With Conventional Propagationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cotyledon explants have employed to produce callus tissues [32], [38]. Leaves explants was used for initiation of callus [13], [28], [30], [33]. Also, hypocotyls [28], [35], [39], and roots explants [30] were used for establishment of callus cultures (Table 2).…”
Section: In Vitro Culture Of S Marianummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Auxins, 1-naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) or IBA or IAA and cytokinins, kinetin (Kin) or benzyladenine (BA) or Zeatin have been used, alone or in combination to induce callus formation from different plant explants. According to literature (Table 2), 2,4-D at levels ranged from 0.25 to 4.0 mg/l was the most auxins used alone [28] or in combination with Kin [13], [35] or BA [30], [32], [33]. BA at levels ranged from 0.05 to 5 mg/l was the most cytokinin used alone [19] or in combination with 2,4-D [30], [33] or NAA [27], [37].…”
Section: In Vitro Culture Of S Marianummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Shoot cultures from shoot tips explants were established. The best medium for proliferation of high number of shoots was MS-medium with 0.25 mg/l each of BA and NAA [13]. Also, nodal segment was used for shoot initiation when cultured on MS medium with Kin (0.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.1 mg/l).…”
This review article presents a consolidated explanation and provides a comprehensive description of various studies, carried out on in vitro culture and hairy root cultures of S. marianum which can be consider an alternative source of flavonolignans. To overcome the constrains of conventional propagation of silybum plant, tissue culture and advanced biotechnology proved to be an influential tool that can complement conventional breeding and accelerate silybum development. The present review is focused on biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, hairy root cultures and genetic fidelity of S. marianum which can be a potent tool for production of secondary metabolites from these cultures.
“…Amount of silybinin was same in root tissue and root callus but the amount of other components of silymarin was less in root callus (Table 5). (Sanchez-Sampedro et al, 2005, Sánchez-Sampedro et al, 2007, Rady et al, 2014. In vitro cultures generally require an exogenous supply of growth regulators for growth and proliferation of biomass.…”
Section: Analysis Of Root Tissue and Callusmentioning
Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is an important medicinal herb due to its active secondary metabolite, silymarin pronounced to be effective in disturbed liver function and ailments. The plant is under harvest pressure for sylimarin production and is being endangered. With the objective to produce silymarin in vitro, seed germination were optimized maintaining aseptic conditions. Seedlings raised from sterilized seeds in vitro on MS medium containing gibberellic acid, were used as explants for callus induction. Among different explants used, seed and hypocotyls were found substantially suitable explants for callus induction. Significant callus induction from hypocotyl explant was documented using MS medium added with 2, 4-D whereas seed explant produced callus under the influence of BAP along with 2, 4-D. Callus cultures from different explants were put to HPLC analysis to determine silymarin content. Since silymarin is a mixture of different components, all the callus cultures were same with respect to composition but different in amount of components, seed callus was observed to contain highest Silybinin content (89%) as compared to the callus cultures of other explants. The in vitro production of silymarin may prove significant source for the said valuable medicinal compound.
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