In vitro culture, transformation and genetic fidelity of Milk Thistle

Abstract

This review article presents a consolidated explanation and provides a comprehensive description of various studies, carried out on in vitro culture and hairy root cultures of S. marianum which can be consider an alternative source of flavonolignans. To overcome the constrains of conventional propagation of silybum plant, tissue culture and advanced biotechnology proved to be an influential tool that can complement conventional breeding and accelerate silybum development. The present review is focused on biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, hairy root cultures and genetic fidelity of S. marianum which can be a potent tool for production of secondary metabolites from these cultures.

Saving threatened plant species: Reintroduction of Hill’s thistle (Cirsium hillii. (Canby) Fernald) to its natural habitat

“…[34,37]. A lower response of root induction was also observed in PGR-free media similar to that observed for S. marianum [36]. Higher number of roots on Hill's thistle plantlets had no effect on survival as all of the plantlets acclimatized after five days in the mist bed survived.…”

“…Stunted shoots at high concentrations of BA have also been observed in other plant species [35]. With a high concentration of ZEA, shoot proliferation was observed, however, it was not as effective for shoot proliferation in Hill's thistle as it was in other thistle species such as Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn [36]. The shoots when grown on the medium with an added exogenous auxin (NAA or IBA) led to root induction and whole plantlet development.…”

Interactive effects of zinc oxide nano particles and different light regimes on growth and silymarin biosynthesis in callus cultures of Silybum marianum L.

“…In another study, the combination of 2,4-D and Kin at 2 mg/L each added in MS media containing and 30 g/L sucrose resulted in optimal callus induction in S. marianum using hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, respectively [35,36]. After optimization of root explants as an appropriate explant and 2,4-D and BA (2 mg/L, each) as a suitable PGRs combination for the callus induction, the root explants mediated calli were incubated on MS media supplied with different concentration of ZnO NPs (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/L) either alone or in combination with PGRs (2,4-D and BA) and kept under various light condition for callus proliferation.…”

“…Due to a small nano size, increased surface area and having a strong potential to move inside the cells through apoplastic or symplastic route ZnO NPs could lead to more electrostatic interactions with the plant cell membranes. Eventually, they activate the pathways for the synthesis of polyphenols and enhance their accumulation in the cell [35].…”

Influence of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on Biochemical Values of Equine Plasma Subjected to Physical Exertion

“…S. marianum contains a relatively high amount of lipids in the form of triglycerides before processing [ 4 ]; the oil content is about 18%–31% and has plenty of unsaturated fatty acids, especially in the form of linoleic acid (42%–54%) and oleic acid (21%–36%). S. marianum can therefore also be used in human nutrition [ 12 ]. A recent study demonstrated the antatritic and antioxidant effects of milk thistle oil proving the potential to utilize these effects in the food and pharmaceuctical industries [ 13 ].…”