In vitro and in vivo action of Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth against Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Abstract

Anthelminthic resistant populations of Haemonchus contortus are a major problem in sheep rearing, but plant extracts may offer viable alternative treatments. In our preliminary studies, Piptadenia viridiflora was frequently selected by sheep grazing in the Cerrado. The present research evaluated its in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity. The HPLC chromatograms of P. viridiflora aqueous extract (AE) and ethanolic extract (EE) showed the presence of flavonoids. The total condensed tannin (proanthocyanidin) was 0.2 and 1.01% in AE and EE, respectively. In an egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test, the LC90 of AE was 2.4mg/mL, and, of EE, was 2.1mg/mL. After tannin extraction, higher EHI and lower LC90 were observed. In a larval development inhibition test, the LC90 of AE was 13.66mg/g of fecal culture. The highest dose of AE administered to mice (203.0mg/kg bw) was well tolerated, suggesting low toxicity. In vivo, AE was orally administered to lambs at 283mg/kg bw, and, at weeks one, two, and three post-treatment, the mean fecal egg count (FEC) was significantly lower than in untreated lambs (P<0.05). Blood parameters were normal and similar in untreated and treated sheep. For all lamb groups, the mean total serum protein was significantly higher at week two post-treatment than at other evaluated periods (P<0.05). Piptadenia viridiflora extracts had low condensed tannin content and exhibited high anthelminthic efficacy in vitro and significantly reduced FEC. Tannins were not shown to be the principal components affecting EHI, hence it is necessary to isolate and characterize the principal active P. viridiflora compounds, and to assess their possible synergism.

Efficacy, toxicity, and lethality of plants with potential anthelmintic activity in small ruminants in Brazil

“…Other studies reported a 90% to 100% reduction of infecting larvae in vitro; however, the RFEC was 53% (Nery et al, 2012), 47.20% (Morais Costa et al, 2016, and 33% (Nogueira et al, 2012). All alcoholic extracts evaluated in vitro showed promising effects (Assis et al, 2003;Almeida et al, 2004;Cordeiro et al, 2010;Gomes et al, 2010;Nery et al, 2010;Araújo et al, 2011;Tenório et al, 2015a;Morais Costa et al, 2016). Under in vivo condition, just alcoholic extract of O. hamiltonii showed satisfactory results (Brito-Júnior et al, 2011).…”

“…Although the extractive preparation methodology is relatively standardized, the substances used in the extraction process directly influences the extract yield and content of the final product (Xynos et al, 2012;Oliveira et al, 2016). Egg hatchability and/or larval development was reduced by more than 80% in 88,88% aqueous extracts under in vitro conditions for at least one of the concentrations used (Nery et al, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2010;Ferreira et al, 2013;Salas et al, 2013;Cunha et al, 2014;Morais Costa et al, 2016). No aqueous extracts showed an RFEC (reduction faecal egg count) greater than 80% under in vivo conditions; however, 71.42% of the extracts had RFEC of 50-80% Botura et al, 2011;Domingues et al, 2013;Pereira et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2013;Mendonça-Lima et al, 2016;Coêlho et al, 2017).…”

“…Two plants, among those described in this review, were subjected to toxicological testing in mice. Piptadenia viridiflora administered for 4 days at a dose of 203 mg/kg caused no behavioral nor organic changes (Morais-Costa et al, 2016). The extract of Cocos nucifera did not show toxicity following oral administration (Oliveira et al, 2009).…”

Anthelmintic activity of Annona crassiflora leaves against Haemonchus contortus: part 2: efficacy in vivo and blood parameters

“…Subsequently, mean FEC was calculated on days 7, 8, and 9 (second period); days 14, 15, and 16 (third period). Each period covered an average of 3 days, obtaining two counts each day (Morais-Costa et al, 2016).…”

“…Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein into tubes containing ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and stored at 4 °C (Morais-Costa et al, 2016). The blood cell numbers and hematocrit were evaluated in an electronic automatic analyzer (2.800 BC Vet ® , Mindray Medical International Ltd. Shenzhen, China).…”