In situ immune response in human dermatophytosis: possible role of Langerhans cells (CD1a+) as a risk factor for dermatophyte infection

Reis, Ana Paula Carvalho; Correia, Franciele Fernandes; Jesus, Thais Martins; Pagliari, Carla; Sakai-Valente, Neusa Y.; Belda, Walter; Criado, Paulo Ricardo; Benard, Gil; Sousa, Maria Gloria Teixeira

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946201961056

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Despite the superficial localization of dermatophyte colonization, the host-fungus relationship in these infections is complex and not fully elucidated [22,56]. Additionally, the pathophysiological mechanism is strictly correlated with the dermatophyte species, the host, and their immune status [57,58]. Remarkably, the pattern of enzymes secreted by dermatophytes may underlie their survival in the host stratum corneum and, consequently, in the clinical pictures of the infection, not only by providing nutrients to the detriment of the keratinized barrier, but also by triggering and modulating the immune response [26,40,59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals

Gnat

Łagowski

Nowakiewicz

et al. 2020

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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The major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a well-standardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterized Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals

Gnat

Łagowski

Nowakiewicz

et al. 2020

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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“…Germination and invasion of the stratum corneum take approximately 4-6 h [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The colonization processes result in various immune system reactions in the host including inflammation [ 37 ]. Subsequently, an inflammation reaction can be seen in infected skin area as redness, swelling, and alopecia [ 36 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review

2020

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Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.

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“…Another important DC, present in the epidermis, are the Langerhan cells that act by connecting the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Our group 52 reported previously that the density of Langerhan cells in the epidermis (CD1a + cells) was significantly lower in lesions of dermatophytosis patients, both in affected and unaffected areas. In the dermis, however, no differences in the density of macrophages (CD68 + cells) and dermal dendrocytes (factor XIIIa + cells) were observed.…”

Section: Dermatophytes Recognition By Host and Mediated Immunitymentioning

confidence: 76%

“…As previously mentioned, myeloid immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are the first line of defence during the infection. The role of these cells in dermatophytosis is well established 46,50‐52 . Along with neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, they were able to kill T rubrum and Trichophyton quinckeanum through phagocytosis, the secretion of cytokines like TNF‐α, and reactive species of oxygen secretion 51,53 .…”

Section: Dermatophytes Recognition By Host and Mediated Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Host immune responses in dermatophytes infection

Celestrino

Veasey²,

Benard

et al. 2021

Mycoses

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Dermatophytosis is a skin infection caused by keratinophilic, filamentous fungi. These are highly prevalent, common mycoses, affecting approximately 20% of the population. These fungi invade the stratum corneum, and other keratinised tissues, like nails and hair, where they grow by secreting enzymes and degrading keratin to obtain nutrients. Clinical presentation is variable and may depend on many factors, such as the infection site, the host's immunity and the dermatophyte's virulence. Generally, patients with acute superficial dermatophytosis mount cell‐mediated immune responses. However, those suffering from chronic or recurrent infections are unable to develop this response, for reasons yet unknown. Several reports have described severe and occasionally life‐threatening invasive diseases (deep dermatophytosis) associated with genetic mutations in the innate immunity‐associated molecule CARD9, displaying the need to better understand its immune response. These dermatoses have substantial clinical consequences, producing chronic and difficult to treat skin lesions. They also lead to a decline in the patient's quality of life and impact their self‐esteem. This review summarises findings on the immune response against dermatophytes.

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In situ immune response in human dermatophytosis: possible role of Langerhans cells (CD1a+) as a risk factor for dermatophyte infection

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals

Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals

Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review

Host immune responses in dermatophytes infection

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