In-Service Education in Arithmetic: Three Approaches

A Summary of Investigations Relating to Mathematics in Elementary Education: 19641

“…Testing three approaches to in-service education in arithmetic, Ruddell and Brown (45) found that teachers5 mathematical knowledge and understanding can be changed by an intensive one-shot program as well as by a slowly-paced, long-range program but this change is not reflected in children^arithmetic achievement. A greater change in pupil achievement occurred when teachers had participated directly in a series of in-service meetings over the entire school year.…”

“…Testing three approaches to in-service education in arithmetic, Ruddell and Brown (45) One study (21) sought to examine the acquisition of certain mathematical concepts by young children in two different cultures children of California with children of the same age level in Accra, Ghana. The concepts studied were identity of sets and identity of ordered sets.…”