An acoustical analysis of the speaking and singing voices of two types of professional singers was conducted. The vowels /i/, /a/, and /o/ were spoken and sung ten times each by seven opera and seven country and western singers. Vowel spectra were derived by computer software techniques allowing quantitative assessment of formant structure (F1-F4), relative amplitude of resonance peaks (F1-F4), fundamental frequency, and harmonic high frequency energy. Formant analysis was the most effective parameter differentiating the two groups. Only opera singers lowered their fourth formant creating a wide-band resonance area (approximately 2,800 Hz) corresponding to the well-known "singing formant." Country and western singers revealed similar resonatory voice characteristics for both spoken and sung output. These results implicate faulty vocal technique in country and western singers as a contributory reason for vocal abuse/fatigue.
PROBLEM Subtraction is usually begun formally in the first grade and by the end of the second year pupils have had opportunity to work with three basic types of subtraction situations. In the typical third grade program, considerable attention continues to be devoted to these subtration situations involving the use of the "hard" subtraction facts.Subtraction has been termed as possessing a "triple nature." By triple nature is meant the "take away" situations; "how many more are needed" situations; and "comparison" or "difference" situations. Sometimes these types of subtraction situations are given the names take-away subtraction, additive subtraction, and comparative subtraction.
Occlusion effects were determined and compared on three groups of subjects (20 normal hearers, 20 with conductive hearing loss, and 20 with sensorineural hearing loss). As in previous studies, the occlusion effects of the conductive group were clearly different from those of the other two groups, especially at 250 Hz. Two procedures are discussed which use the principle of the Bing test to determine when and how to compensate for the occlusion effect while masking for bone conduction.
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