Impurity analysis of 1,4-dioxane in nonionic surfactants and cosmetics using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products

“…The developed methods, nevertheless, undergoes from various shortcomings for instance the necessity for extensive sample pretreatment including expensive and time taking. The sensitivity, recovery and precision were also low in these earlier techniques 5,[24][25][26][27] . Therefore, a simple, precise and sensitive analytical procedure was required for the identification of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics.…”

“…has been identified in water samples using various analytical procedures for instance solid-phase extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) 6,9,21 , headspace solid-phase microextraction (headspace-SPME)-GC-MS 22 . Besides, the 1,4-dioxane has also been found in many cosmetics (shampoo 2,5,23-25 , conditioner 5 , cleanser 5 , dishwashing liquid 5,23 , liquid soap 5,23,25 , day cream 5,24,25 , after-shave emulsion 24 , moisturizing lotion 5,24,25 , sun cream 24,25 , baby lotion 25 , bath foam 25 , cleansing milk 25 , after-shave balm 25 and hair lotion 25 ) using different analytical techniques for instance SPE-GC-FID 2 , headspace-SPME-GC-MS 5 , headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (headspace-GC-MS) 23 , SPE-high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC-UV) 24 and SPE-GC-MS 26 . In previous literatures, the 1,4-dioxane contamination in cosmetics was frequently identified and required additional considerations to end the use of it for health concerns.…”

Decomposition of 1,4-dioxane by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation: Study of economic feasibility and by-product formation

“…In addition, 1,4-dioxane is present in many consumer products as a by-product of polyester synthesis (Black et al, 1983;Zenker et al, 2003), as well as in many household detergents and shampoos (Fuh et al, 2005;Tianabe and Kawata, 2008) as an impurity of surfac tants (Guo and Brodowsky, 2000;Zenker et al, 2003). Industrial and domestic waste water contaminated with 1,4-dioxane flows into sewage treatm ent systems, where it is difficult to remove by m eans of conventional biological treatm ent processes (i.e., activated sludge treatment): no removal of 1.4-dioxane concentration was reported in a laboratory-scale experiment (Adams et al, 1994), and no or limited removal (0-30%) was observed in sewage treatm ent plants (Abe, 1999;Tanabe et al, 2006).…”

Synthesis and Solution Properties of Carbohydrate‐Modified Polysiloxane Bola Surfactants

“…Most commonly, the hydrophilic groups in siloxane-tailed surfactants consist of polyethers [12]. Because the polyethers are often produced from nonrenewable petrochemical ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, the polyether siloxane-tailed surfactants are not environmental-friendly surfactants [13,14]. Recently, siloxane surfactants with carbohydrate as hydrophilic group have been synthesized and studied [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”