Solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane in cosmetic products

Abstract

In the present work, a method based on solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been validated for the determination of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics. Various solvents including ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, dichloromethane and acetone have been used for the extraction of 1,4-dioxane, among them the ethyl acetate was found to be the most efficient extracting solvent. This method has offered excellent quality parameters for instance linearity (R 2 > 0.9991), limit of detection (LOD, 0.00065-0.00091 µg/mL), limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.00217-0.00304 µg/mL) and, precision intra-day (1.65-2.60%, n = 5) and inter-day (0.16-0.32%, n = 5) in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%). A total of thirty-nine cosmetic samples of different brands and origin have been studied. Among them, the 1,4-dioxane was found in twenty-three samples (FB 1 -FB 7 , MC 1 -MC 4 , MC 6 -MC 8 , HS 3 , HS 5 , BL 1 -BL 3 , BL 5 and PLD 1 -PLD 3 ) at the levels between 0.15 µg/mL and 9.92 µg/mL, whereas in sixteen samples (MC 5 , HS 1 , HS 2 , SG 1 -SG 5 , BL 4 and Hp 1 -HP 6 ) was found to be not detected. The recovery values were achieved between 93% and 99% in both low and high level of spiked samples. In comparison to the traditional analytical techniques, the proposed method was found to be very sensitive and cost-effective for the routine analysis of 1,4-dioxane at low concentration in cosmetics.

Application of Response Surface Method for Determination of Optimized Conditions for Quantification of 1,4-Dioxane in Model System of Polyethylene Glycol 200

“…For example, when comparing 7 g and 3 g of sample with 3 mL of solvent, the extraction yield was 38.9% increased. A similar tendency was found in Park et al's study [24]. In their study, when the recovery rate was tested by adding 1 ppb and We found statistical significance in the correlation between sample weight and extraction yield (Table 3), indicating the higher yield of 1,4-dioxane extraction as more sample weight was added.…”

“…For example, when comparing 7 g and 3 g of sample with 3 mL of solvent, the extraction yield was 38.9% increased. A similar tendency was found in Park et al's study [24]. In their study, when the recovery rate was tested by adding 1 ppb and 10 ppb 1,4-dioxane to the water sample, the recovery rate increased from 66.8% to 72.3% as methyl tert-butyl ether was used for a solvent and from 86.5% to 101.8% as methylene chloride was used for a solvent, respectively.…”

“…From the results of Alsohaimi et al's study (2020) on the extraction efficiency of 1,4-dioxane from various solvent types in cosmetic samples, the recovery rate was varied in the order of ethyl acetate (99%), dichloromethane (89%), methanol (70%), hexane (47%), and acetone (35%). Especially with dichloromethane for the solvent, the recovery rates of 1,4-dioxane from water and cosmetic samples presented good agreement, with 95% and 89%, respectively [24,25]. (1) Designated as A for weight of sample (g); B for volume of solvent (mL); and C for centrifugation speed in rpm.…”

Low-Cost Detection of Methane Gas in Rice Cultivation by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector Based on Manual Injection and Split Pattern

“…The standard deviation of zero concentration was obtained by extrapolation and identified as S 0 , which is the signal-to-noise ratio. LOD and LOQ of method were defined as 3S 0 and 10S 0 [31,32], which were 0.0567 and 0.189, respectively. The results are shown in Table 2.…”

Decoding Cosmetic Complexities: A Comprehensive Guide to Matrix Composition and Pretreatment Technology

“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) leverages the absorption and emission of radio waves by atomic nuclei in an external magnetic field, applicable to organic compounds containing active nuclei (such as 1 H, 13 C), and is instrumental in analyzing the structure of complex organic compounds in cosmetics [ 129 ]. Gas chromatography (GC) employs gas as the mobile phase and separates components through a stationary phase in a chromatography column, ideal for volatile and thermally stable organic compounds like fragrances and solvents in cosmetics [ 130 ]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) uses a liquid as the mobile phase under high pressure to separate components, is extensively applicable to various organic compounds, including high molecular weight and non-volatile substances, and is used for detecting and analyzing moisturizers, preservatives, vitamins, and other components in cosmetics [ 131 ].…”