Improving the Berthelot Reaction for Determining Ammonium in Soil Extracts and Water

Rhine, E. D.; Mulvaney, R. L.; Pratt, Edward John; Sims, Gerald K.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200020026x

Cited by 394 publications

(240 citation statements)

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“…; 1-μm phase thickness; Zebron ZB-AAP; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) and flame ionization detection, while crotonic acid (trans-2-utenoic acid) was used as an internal standard. The NH3-N was analyzed using the method described by Rhine et al (1998).…”

Section: Chemical and Fermentation Variable Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Wei

Jiao

Alexander

et al. 2018

Annals of Animal Science

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Red osier dogwood (ROD) is an abundant shrub plant in Canada and other places in the world. It is rich in antioxidants such as quercetin, gallic acid and tyrosol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting barley silage with ROD in high-forage (HF) or high-grain (HG) diets on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in ruminal batch cultures. The study was a randomized design with 2 media pH (5.8 vs. 6.5) × 4 doses of ROD. An additional treatment of monensin and tylosin was added as a positive control for each pH level. The basic diet consisted of 60% barley silage and 40% barley grain for HF or 15% silage and 85% grain for HG diet. The barley silage was partly replaced with ROD at 0, 3, 6 or 12% in both diets (DM basis). Each diet was incubated for 24 h in culture bottles with three replicates for each treatment combination, and three runs on different days. The GP and DMD were greater (P<0.01) with media pH 6.5 vs. pH 5.8. The DMD linearly (P<0.01) decreased at pH 5.8 with increasing levels of ROD. Increasing ROD levels also linearly (P<0.01) decreased total VFA Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/9/18 12:35 PM 3 concentration and the proportion of propionate, and increased (P<0.01) the acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) at pH 5.8. Compared to the antibiotic treatment, the inclusion of ROD resulted in lower (P<0.02) DMD at pH 5.8, and a greater (P<0.01) proportion of acetate but a lower (P<0.01) proportion of propionate. These results indicated that the DMD of diets and the fermentation pattern were adversely affected by ROD at pH 5.8. However, the increased A:P along with the decreased DMD at pH 5.8, suggested a lower impact on fibre digestion than on starch digestion by ROD. Feeding ROD may therefore potentially reduce the incidence of rumen acidosis resulting from feeding HG diets to ruminants by decreasing starch digestion in the rumen.

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Section: Chemical and Fermentation Variable Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Wei

Jiao

Alexander

et al. 2018

Annals of Animal Science

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“…Concentrations of VFA and NH 3 -N in the liquid effluent were analysed by gas chromatography (Wang et al, 2001) and the modified Berthelot method (Rhine et al, 1998), respectively. Methane concentration in gas was determined using a Varian gas chromatograph equipped with GS-CarbonPLOT 30 m × 0.32 mm × 3 µm column and thermal conductivity detector (Agilent Technologies Canada Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) at an isothermal oven temperature of 35°C with helium as the carrier gas (27 cm/s).…”

Section: Experiments 2 Determination Of Efe On Ruminal Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fibrolytic enzymes added to a Andropogon gayanus grass silage-concentrate diet on rumen fermentation in batch cultures and the artificial rumen (Rusitec)

Ribeiro

Gonçalves

Pereira

et al. 2015

Animal

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In vitro batch cultures were used to screen four fibrolytic enzyme mixtures at two dosages added to a 60 : 40 silage : concentrate diet containing the C 4 tropical grass Andropogon gayanus grass ensiled at two maturities -vegetative stage (VS) and flowering stage (FS). Based on these studies, one enzyme mixture was selected to treat the same diets and evaluate its impact on fermentation using an artificial rumen (Rusitec). In vitro batch cultures were conducted as a completely randomized design with two runs, four replicates per run and 12 treatments in a factorial arrangement (four enzyme mixtures × three doses). Enzyme additives (E1, E2, E3 and E4) were commercial products and contained a range of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase activities. Enzymes were added to the complete diet 2 h before incubation at 0, 2 and 4 μl/g of dry matter (DM). Gas production (GP) was measured after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Disappearance of DM (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and ADF (ADFD) were determined after 24 and 48 h. For all four enzyme mixtures, a dosage effect (P < 0.05) was observed for NDFD and ADFD after 24 h and for DMD, NDFD and ADFD after 48 h of incubation of the VS diet. For the FS diet, a dosage effect was observed for GP and NDFD after 24 h and for GP, DMD, NDFD and ADFD after 48 h of incubation. There was no difference among enzyme mixtures nor was there an enzyme × dose interaction for the studied parameters. Because of the greatest numerical effect on NDF disappearance and the least cost price, enzyme mixture E2 at 4 µl/g of diet DM was selected for the Rusitec experiment. The enzyme did not impact (P > 0.05) DM, N, NDF or ADF disappearance after 48 h of incubation nor daily ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids or CH 4 production. However, enzyme application increased (P < 0.05) microbial N production in feed particle-associated (loosely-associated) and silage feed particle-bound (firmly associated) fractions. With A. gayanus silage diets, degradation may not be limited by microbial colonization, but rather by the ability of fibrolytic enzymes to degrade plant cell walls within this recalcitrant forage.

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“…The concentration of VFA was quantified using a gas chromatograph (model 5890, Hewlett-Packard Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA) with a capillary column (30 m)0.32 mm i.d., 1-mm phase thickness, Zebron ZB-FAAP, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA), and flame ionization detection, and crotonic acid (trans-2-butenoic acid) was used as the internal standard. Ammonia N concentrations were measured according to the method described by Rhine et al (1998). The tungstic acid and trichloroaceitic acid soluble N were determined as described by Winter et al (1964).…”

Section: Measurements In Rusitecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sainfoin hay and pomegranate peel extracts on in vitro fermentation and protein degradation using the RUSITEC technique

Refat

AneleU.

et al. 2015

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Effect of sainfoin hay and pomegranate peel extracts on in vitro fermentation and protein degradation using the RUSITEC technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 417Á423. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of supplementation of sainfoin hay extract (SHE) and pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, protein metabolism and nutrient digestibility using rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment was a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications. Dietary treatments were: (1) control (10% barley silage and 90% concentrate), and control supplemented (2) with SHE (4.1 g catechin equivalent kg(1 dry matter; DM) or (3) with PPE (2.8 g tannic acid equivalents kg(1 DM). The experiment consisted of 10 d of adaptation and 7 d of data collection. Concentration of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was lower (PB0.02), but molar proportion of acetate was higher (PB0.01) with SHE or PPE than control. Branched-chain VFA decreased (PB0.01) with PPE supplementation compared with control. Concentrations of large and small peptides were not affected but ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) concentration decreased (P B0.01) with PPE supplementation. Digestibility of DM, starch and crude protein decreased (PB0.02) with SHE and PPE supplementation compared with control. Bacterial nitrogen production (mg d(1 ) and bacterial efficiency (g bacterial nitrogen kg(1 digested organic matter) were not affected by SHE or PPE supplementation. Overall, there were no differences in VFA concentrations, nitrogen fractions and nutrient digestibility between SHE and PPE except for the concentrations of branched-chain VFA and NH 3 -N, which were higher (PB0.01) with SHE versus PPE supplementation. In conclusion, supplementation of high-grain diet with SHE or PPE can decrease rumen by-pass protein; however, suppression of feed fermentation may decrease the feeding value of high-grain diet.

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Improving the Berthelot Reaction for Determining Ammonium in Soil Extracts and Water

Cited by 394 publications

References 0 publications

Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Inclusion of Red Osier Dogwood in High-Forage and High-Grain Diets Affected in Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Effect of fibrolytic enzymes added to a Andropogon gayanus grass silage-concentrate diet on rumen fermentation in batch cultures and the artificial rumen (Rusitec)

Effect of sainfoin hay and pomegranate peel extracts on in vitro fermentation and protein degradation using the RUSITEC technique

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