Improvement of Road Safety through Appropriate Cargo Securing Using Outliers

Abstract

The article focuses on evaluating a transportation experiment that intends to improve road safety by analyzing transport shocks that significantly affect the system of securing the load, vehicle, driver, and other aspects. Within Europe, improper or insufficient securing of loads causes up to 25% of all cargo vehicle accidents. Our transport experiment consists of eight rides of a Tatra truck. The measured values of shocks (acceleration coefficients) are statistically evaluated. Three hypotheses are established for these purposes. First, it is proven that the probability distributions of the shocks values differ statistically significantly among individual rides, namely in their shape and median value. Thus further statistical analyses are performed separately for the individual rides, axes, and the accelerometer locations. These analyses prove significant exceedances of the normatively set limits given by the EN 12195-1:2010 standard, which is potentially risky. Especially for the z axis and y axis, the set 20% limit was exceeded in 75.0% and 56.3% of cases, respectively. In the case of the x axis, the established 20% limit was practically not exceeded at all. The analysis of exceeding the permitted limits (the statistical evaluation of the second and third established hypothesis) is based on boxplots that graphically describe the individual rides, as well as on the found contaminated log-normal distribution of the values of the acceleration coefficients in the individual rides. The last hypothesis regarding exceeding the double value of the permitted limit is rejected. Methods of statistical comparison are used during data analysis. The probability distribution of acceleration coefficients is modeled using a contaminated log-normal distribution.

Application of MEMS Sensors for Evaluation of the Dynamics for Cargo Securing on Road Vehicles

“…The measured RAW acceleration and deceleration extremes far exceed the values of 1 or 2 g; in the case of the Y-axis, the maximum value reached 8 g. However, examining raw data will not give us a realistic view of how accelerations affect the cargo in certain time periods; therefore, we evaluated them according to time periods of 80, 300, and 1000 ms. Extreme raw values above 1 g for the X-and Y-axes or 4 g for the Z-axis were also measured by the authors in [81][82][83], who monitored the transport carried out on a highway or unpaved roads. However, the authors used different methods for measuring the acceleration (deceleration) as well as a different approach to process and evaluate the data, as they did not consider the effect of acceleration and forces on the cargo in the specified evaluation times of 80, 300, and 1000 ms.…”

Study of the Stability of Palletized Cargo by Dynamic Test Method Performed on Laboratory Test Bench

“…Cargo transport safety in its broadest sense was discussed from various aspects. Authors of [ 10 ] discuss how the use of wrapping materials of various types (which can include stretch films) affects road transport safety, while [ 11 , 12 ] indicated a method to assess the stability of units in transport. Kuskil’din [ 13 ] studied the consequences of cargo behaviour in the cargo space during emergency braking.…”

Determination of Turning Radius and Lateral Acceleration of Vehicle by GNSS/INS Sensor

“…As the authors mentioned, the insufficient cargo securing inside a vehicle resulted in one-fourth of all freight transport vehicle accidents in Europe. Such a topic was also investigated by Vlkovský et al [ 52 ] for different types of roads. The authors of Vlkovský et al [ 53 ] found that acceleration indicators given as normative ones can be exceeded even higher than it was predicted.…”

“…): Zhou et al [ 6 ], Xu et al [ 7 ], Hamersma and Els [ 8 ], Shu et al [ 9 ], Jurecki and Stańczyk [ 11 ], Sazgar et al [ 17 ], Visar et al [ 12 ], Tian et al [ 14 ], Ok et al [ 18 ], Vu [ 46 ], Dižo et al [ 55 ]—most of the mentioned research applied simulation methods, on the other hand, real conditions were included in Jurecki and Stańczyk [ 11 ], Xu et al [ 13 ], Zamfir et al [ 19 ]. Research focused on dynamics of freight transport vehicles: Shojaei et al [ 20 ], Wang and He [ 21 ], Braghin et al [ 23 ], Lewington [ 24 ], Balson et al [ 25 ], Zhang et al [ 26 ], Qu et al [ 27 ], Ikhsan et al [ 28 ], Senalik and Medanic [ 29 ], Ibrahim and Singh [ 30 ], Winkler et al [ 31 ], Romero et al [ 32 ], Jiang et al [ 33 ], Cao et al [ 34 ], Tavassoli Kallebasti et al [ 35 ], Huang et al [ 36 ], Mischinger et al [ 37 ], Marienka et al [ 49 ]—most of the references listed before the hyphen applied simulation and numerical methods; however, results in field exploitation were presented, e.g., in Winkler et al [ 31 ], Mischinger et al [ 37 ], Skrúcaný et al [ 48 ], Skrúcaný et al [ 47 ], Vlkovský et al [ 52 ], Vlkovský et al [ 51 ]. Research focused directly on drivers: Nash et al [ 38 ], Plöchl a...…”

“…Research focused on dynamics of freight transport vehicles: Shojaei et al [ 20 ], Wang and He [ 21 ], Braghin et al [ 23 ], Lewington [ 24 ], Balson et al [ 25 ], Zhang et al [ 26 ], Qu et al [ 27 ], Ikhsan et al [ 28 ], Senalik and Medanic [ 29 ], Ibrahim and Singh [ 30 ], Winkler et al [ 31 ], Romero et al [ 32 ], Jiang et al [ 33 ], Cao et al [ 34 ], Tavassoli Kallebasti et al [ 35 ], Huang et al [ 36 ], Mischinger et al [ 37 ], Marienka et al [ 49 ]—most of the references listed before the hyphen applied simulation and numerical methods; however, results in field exploitation were presented, e.g., in Winkler et al [ 31 ], Mischinger et al [ 37 ], Skrúcaný et al [ 48 ], Skrúcaný et al [ 47 ], Vlkovský et al [ 52 ], Vlkovský et al [ 51 ].…”