Safety is one of the key aspects of the successful transport of cargo. In the case of road transport, the dynamics of a vehicle during normal events such as braking, steering, and evasive maneuver are variable in different places in the vehicle. Several manufacturers provide different dataloggers with acceleration sensors, but the results are not comparable due to different sensor parameters, measurement ranges, sampling frequencies, data filtration, and evaluation of different periods of acceleration. The position of the sensor in the loading area is also important. The accelerations are not the same at all points in the vehicle. The article deals with the measurement of these dynamic events with MEMS sensors on selected points of a vehicle loaded with cargo and with changes in dynamics after certain events that could occur during regular road transport of cargo to analyze the possibilities for monitoring accelerations and the related forces acting on the cargo during transport. The article uses evaluation times of 80, 300, and 1000 ms for accelerations. With the measured values, it is possible to determine the places with a higher risk of cargo damage and not only to adjust the packaging and securing of the cargo, but also to modify the transport routes. Concerning the purposes of securing the cargo in relation to EN 12195-1 and the minimum values of forces for securing the cargo, we focused primarily on the places where the acceleration of 0.5 g was exceeded when analyzing the monitored route. There were 32 of these points in total, all of which were measured by a sensor located at the rear of the semi-trailer. In 31 cases, the limit of 0.5 g was exceeded for an 80-ms evaluation time, and in one case, the value of 0.51 g was reached in the transverse direction for a 300-ms evaluation time.

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The development of an economy and, in particular, the construction of new infrastructure as well as industrial enterprises creates demand for the road transport of oversized freight that exceeds the maximum permissible total mass of vehicle combinations with its share on the axles. Failure to comply with the defined technological processes and a deficiency in the assessment of permitting such forms of transportation can have a large adverse effect, predominantly on the lifetime of bridges in a road network, which can have international implications as well. There is no legislation adopted by the EU Member States, which would at least partially unify the authorisation procedures of these forms of transportation and, therefore, it results in problems when crossing borders and leads to differences related to the assessment of bridge passages. If there is no systematic inspection of this kind of transportation, it can lead to permanent damage of these bridges as well. Currently, and not only in Slovakia but also in other states, the assessment of bridge passage for certain routes is used for heavy and oversized transportation. It means that if we use 100 transports, 100 assessments of individual routes are needed, although some are the same routes or the same vehicles/vehicle combinations used for a number of transports. Thus, the authors designed a global assessment for bridge passage in relation to heavy and oversized road transport while verifying it in the conditions of the EU Member State from Central Europe–Slovakia. Roads are full of different types of vehicles/vehicle combinations for which the axle loads and distances of the axles (wheelbases) are important. Thus, there were vehicle/vehicle combinations parameters (big data) observed, for which the routes relating to heavy and/or oversized transportation were assessed from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 in Slovakia. The global assessment of bridge passage introduces an entirely new approach within the procedure for obtaining a special permission for road use as well as within transport use itself. Given the low presence of freight with an abnormal axle load or enormous total mass, it is appropriate to define the limited conditions under which it would be possible to implement the global assessment in practice as well.

In most cases, the availability of seaports is declared through availability isochrones based on the distance determined by the beeline, what is a very simplifi ed manner of determining the availability of seaports and presenting their benefi ts to customers. Therefore, the paper aimed to determine the availability of selected seaports in Europe on the basis of the proposed methodology using a professional route planner for road freight and distance directory managed by UIC (International Union Railways) for rail freight. The intermodal transport terminal in Žilina, Slovakia and eight seaports from seven European countries were selected to verify the proposed methodology for the assessment of time availability. Time availability is one of the key factors in the choice of mode of transport by carriers and also for the use of seaports. The scientifi c benefi ts are in the design of the methodology and its application to real conditions with the evaluation of outputs for the individual transport route. The contribution also assessed the impact of other factors aff ecting the observance of planned transport times in rail and road freight transport. Sažetak U većini slučajeva raspoloživost morskih luka objavljuje se s pomoću izokrona raspoloživosti koji se temelje na udaljenosti prema najkraćoj putanji, a to je pojednostavljen način određivanja raspoloživosti morskih luka i prezentiranja njihovih prednosti klijentima. Stoga je cilj ovoga rada bio utvrditi raspoloživost odabranih morskih luka u Europi na osnovi predložene metodologije uporabom profesionalnog planera rute za cestovni prijevoz i priručnik s izračunatim udaljenostima koji vodi UIC (Međunarodna željeznička unija). Intermodalni prijevozni terminal u Žilini (Slovačka) i osam morskih luka u sedam europskih država odabran je kako bi se provjerila predložena metodologija za utvrđivanje vremenske raspoloživosti. Vremenska raspoloživost jedan je od ključnih čimbenika u odabiru načina prijevoza od strane prijevoznika te za odabir morske luke. Znanstveni doprinos rada očituje se u izradi metodologije i njezinoj primjeni u stvarnim uvjetima, uz procjenu učinaka za pojedinu transportnu rutu. Doprinos također predstavlja procjena utjecaja drugih čimbenika koji utječu na praćenje planiranog vremena za željeznički ili cestovni prijevoz.

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To ensure safety during transport within the intermodal chain, it is important to identify possible dynamic events that could affect the cargo. In the case of bulk cargo in an ACTS (Abroll-Container-Transport-System) container, the dynamics of the cargo and the vehicle vary during normal events such as braking, steering, evasive maneuver and the like. In this research, we used MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensors to identify the parameters of acceleration at various points of container and to evaluate its impact on the cargo and vehicle. During the research, we also found out how the load of individual axles of the vehicle changed after performing normal dynamic events. One of the objectives was also to find out how parameters such as braking distance, braking time and mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) change in the case of and empty and loaded ACTS container, as well as correlation analysis of values gathered from sensors placed on different parts of the container. The acquired knowledge can be used in the distribution and securing the cargo.