“…A wide array of analytespecific assays exists for detection of chemicals in water (Kelly et al, 2008;Pancrazio et al, 1999;Reardon et al, 2009;States et al, 2003), but a large number of assays would be needed to detect all possible chemicals, and unknown toxic chemicals would still escape detection. To meet this growing need, a variety of toxicity sensors have been developed that can detect a broad range of chemical contaminants (Curtis et al, 2009a;Eltzov and Marks, 2010;Iuga et al, 2009, andO'Shaughnessy et al, 2004). One toxicity sensor that shows great potential for low cost, maintenancefree detection of many chemical contaminants is ECIS sensing of vertebrate cells, which was first described by Giaever and Keese (1992), and further developed by Curtis et al (2009a,b), Brennan et al (2012).…”