Fast axonal transport is characterized by the bidirectional, microtubule-based movement of membranous organelles. Cytoplasmic dynein is necessary but not sufficient for retrograde transport directed from the synapse to the cell body. Dynactin is a heteromultimeric protein complex, enriched in neurons, that binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. To determine whether dynactin is required for retrograde axonal transport, we examined the effects of anti-dynactin antibodies on organelle transport in extruded axoplasm. Treatment of axoplasm with antibodies to the p150 Glued subunit of dynactin resulted in a significant decrease in the velocity of microtubule-based organelle transport, with many organelles bound along microtubules. We examined the molecular mechanism of the observed inhibition of motility, and we demonstrated that antibodies to p150 Glued disrupted the binding of cytoplasmic dynein to dynactin and also inhibited the association of cytoplasmic dynein with organelles. In contrast, the anti-p150 Glued antibodies had no effect on the binding of dynactin to microtubules nor on cytoplasmic dynein-driven microtubule gliding. These results indicate that the interaction between cytoplasmic dynein and the dynactin complex is required for the axonal transport of membrane-bound vesicles and support the hypothesis that dynactin may function as a link between the organelle, the microtubule, and cytoplasmic dynein during vesicle transport.Neurons possess a striking asymmetric morphology in which elongated axonal processes extend from the cell body. The growth and maintenance of the axon, as well as the movement of materials between the cell body and the distal tip of the axon, rely on the mechanism of axonal transport. The fast bidirectional transport of organelles along the polarized microtubule array of the axon has been well characterized (1-8). Many microtubule-based motors have been identified in neurons, including members of the kinesin superfamily that are implicated in anterograde transport (4, 5) and cytoplasmic dynein, which is required for retrograde transport (6-8).The molecular mechanisms by which these motors are specified for particular types of organelle cargo, as well as the regulation of the interactions between motor proteins, organelles, and microtubules, are largely unknown. A soluble accessory factor, dynactin, was originally isolated via its copurification with cytoplasmic dynein and is one candidate for the activation of cytoplasmic dynein-based organelle motility (reviewed in ref. 9). Dynactin consists of at least seven different polypeptides that cosediment at 20 S (10, 11). These include p150Glued ; the actin-related protein centractin (Arp-1); the ␣ and  subunits of capping protein (CapZ); dynamitin; as well as uncharacterized polypeptides with molecular masses of 62 and 24 kDa (10-17). The largest dynactin polypeptide, p150Glued , is capable of multiple, specific binding interactions. p150Glued binds to the 74-kDa intermediate chain of cytoplasmic dynein via a domain ...
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been used in a simple fluorometric assay to detect single cells of the pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype. Composed of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs conjugated to streptavidin, this system exhibits 2 orders of magnitude more sensitivity than a similar assay using a common organic dye. Selectivity for this pathogenic bacterial strain over a common lab strain (E. coli DH5alpha), which is gained from the use of specific biotinylated antibodies, is also demonstrated for QD labeling. Under continuous excitation, these QDs retain high fluorescence intensities for hours, whereas a typical organic dye bleaches within seconds, allowing for more rapid and accurate identification of E. coli O157:H7 in single-cell fluorescence-based assays. This indirect QD labeling method, based on antibody-antigen and streptavidin-biotin interactions, is flexible enough to expand to other systems and has great potential for use in simultaneous multicolor detection schemes.
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