“…NSCs in the hippocampus give rise to new granule layer neurons that integrate into functional neuronal circuits (Kaplan and Bell 1984;Kempermann et al, 1998a;Gould et al, 1999;Song et al, 2002;Lagace et al, 2007) and are critical for such cognitive functions as learning and memory formation (Shors et al, 2001;Kee et al, 2007;Imayoshi et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2008;Clelland et al, 2009). Deep layer neurons of the olfactory bulb are continuously replaced by neurons generated from the NSCs in the SVZ and play essential roles in odor discrimination and odor memory (Gheusi et al, 2000;Enwere et al, 2004;Lagace et al, 2007;Breton-Provencher et al, 2009). In humans, adult neural progenitors have been identified in the dentate gyrus and lateral ventricles (Eriksson et al, 1998;Kukekov et al, 1999;Roy et al, 2000;Sanai et al, 2004;Curtis et al, 2007), although their role in cognition has not been established.…”