Implications of youths’ perceptions of police bias and the code of the street for violent offending.

Unpacking Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Emotional Distress Among Adolescents During Witnessed Police Stops

“…Future studies should seek to use officer reports and/or other officer data (e.g., body-worn camera data) [34]. Fourth, the data lack details regarding some individual-level risk factors for exposure to the police, such as street code adherence among youth [35], and broader contextual features concerning systemic racism and discrimination, which future research should consider. Further study of the continued emotional distress following the stop as well as the actions (if any) taken by youth in response to the emotional distress of witnessing an unfair/intrusive encounter is also needed using alternative data sources [36].…”

Asymmetry in process‐based model relationships: A longitudinal study of adjudicated adolescents*

“…The global questions in the Pathways data are limited and do not capture all four dimensions of procedural justice (see appendix B in the online supporting information). In fact, other scholars pointed out that these questions really capture perceptions of police bias, not perceptions of procedural justice (Fine et al, 2020). As such, even though these items measure quality of interpersonal contact (or lack thereof), they are arguably better measures of distributive justice.…”

Exploring Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System Over the Year Following First Arrest

“…For Aim 1, total self‐reported offending prior to arrest (or SRO ever) served as the outcome variable of interest. Items indicating that youth engaged in violent behaviors (e.g., assault, getting into fights, shot at someone ; 10 total violent act questions) were summed together to create a violent offending SRO category as done previously (Fine, Simmons, Cavanagh, Rowan, & Cauffman, 2020). Violent SRO items largely capture low‐level aggression; getting into fights accounts for most of the variance in this measure.…”