“…The notion of competitiveness is commonly used in present-day economics, albeit without a clear definition or interpretation. A universally acceptable (or consensual) definition of this category is absent; this is partly due to the fact that competitiveness can be studied at several different levels: of a country, region (Amaral and Salerno, 2019;Simionescu, 2016), sector, industry (Bednarz, 2013;Marakova et al, 2016), clusters (Ryzhkoval andProsvirkin, 2015), and enterprises (Kuźmiński et al, 2020;Shevchenko, 2019;Poufinas et al, 2018), all while using a broad range of measures and indicators.…”