Implementation of Fowler's method for end-tidal air sampling

Abstract

The design, realization and testing of a CO(2)-triggered breath sampler, capable of a separate collection of dead space and end-tidal air on multiple breaths, is presented. This sampling procedure has advantages in terms of the sample volume, insights regarding the origin of compounds, increased reproducibility and higher concentrations of compounds. The high quality of design and the speed of the components ensure a breath-by-breath estimate of dead volume, as well as the comfort and safety of the subject under test. The system represents a valid tool to contribute to the development of a standardized sampling protocol needed to compare results obtained by the various groups in this field.

A breath sampling system assessing the influence of respiratory rate on exhaled breath composition

“…Currently, the International Association for Breath Research (IABR) is working towards the definition of standardized procedures for breath sampling and analysis [4]. In literature, several efforts have been reported to develop novel instruments capable of reducing the cost and the know-how needed for breath analysis [5,6]. Nevertheless, in a period where health budgets are constantly cut and health care systems ask for point-of-care portable tools to minimize the impact on patients, it is worth * Research partially supported by the European Commission under the H2020 programme, project PHC-643694 Hearten.…”

Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Exhaled Breath

“…End-tidal sampling involves collection of air that is closest to the alveolar-capillary interface in the lung, theoretically providing important metabolic information from the blood 68 . By observing and targeting specific portions of an exhaled breath sample, one can essentially trap and analyze different parts of the breath 68 .…”

“…By observing and targeting specific portions of an exhaled breath sample, one can essentially trap and analyze different parts of the breath 68 . By utilizing the differences between exhaled and ambient levels of CO 2 , one can accurately partition different portions of exhaled breath, such as alveolar air 68 . This can prove to be versatile if one wishes to study compounds released from the airways such as NO, or compounds from the alveolar air.…”

Breath Analysis: Analytical Methodologies and Clinical Applications

“…A fast responding IR absorption mainstream CO 2 analyzer supplies data to a control unit, which actuates a two-way valve diverting breath flow to an absorption trap when the percentage volume of CO 2 exceeds the set-up point. Alternatively, the sample can be collected into a bag and then preconcentrated off-line into an absorption tube [31]. The system enabled the sampling of large volumes on multiple breaths and the separation of breath fractions by real time monitoring of CO 2 concentration.…”