Impacts of the Changing Ocean-Sea Ice System on the Key Forage Fish Arctic Cod (Boreogadus Saida) and Subsistence Fisheries in the Western Canadian Arctic—Evaluating Linked Climate, Ecosystem and Economic (CEE) Models

On the Role of Biogeochemical Coupling Between Sympagic and Pelagic Ecosystem Compartments for Primary and Secondary Production in the Barents Sea

“…With our approach we also found that the proportion of ice algae released and surviving in the pelagic system had an effect on the phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics. Consequently, slight changes in the ice dynamic can disturb the whole structure of the present Arctic system and can modify phenologies not only of phytoplankton but also all the others species closely related of the ice algae, such as zooplankton (Werner, 1997;Søreide et al, 2010;Kohlbach et al, 2017a), fish (Kohlbach et al, 2017b;Steiner et al, 2019), or bird (Ramírez et al, 2017;Cusset et al, 2019). As an example, Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is a central key species of the Arctic ecosystem and it is closely related to the ice algae especially during their larval development feeding on amphipods, which directly grazed on ice algae and sometimes directly feeding on ice algae itself (Gilbert et al, 1992;Kohlbach et al, 2017b).…”

Cod movement ecology in a warming world: Circumpolar arctic gadids

“…The within and among individual variation in observed movement patterns of circumpolar Arctic gadids demonstrates some potential for flexibility to ecosystem change (Farrell & Franklin, 2016). However, projected initial increases in population size of southerly distributed B. saida are far outweighed by the longer projections of reduced abundance across the Arctic (Barbeaux & Hollowed, 2017;Bouchard et al, 2017;Steiner et al, 2019 (Bouchard & Fortier, 2011;Bouchard et al, 2017;Marsh & Mueter, 2020;Nahrgang et al, 2014). The physiological and habitat-specific requirements of B. saida and A. glacialis indicate that they have few viable habitats remaining to move to (Frainer et al, 2017;Vestfals et al, 2019).…”

“…It is generally projected that increasing temperatures, combined with the influx of competitor and predatory sub-Arctic fishes and anthropogenic activity (e.g. pollutants from shipping and industry; Jonsson et al, 2010;fishing practices;Christiansen & George, 1995; shipping noise; Ivanova et al, 2020), will ultimately drive both A. glacialis and B. saida to move and remain for longer at higher latitudes (Astthorsson, 2015;Leo et al, 2017;Perry et al, 2005;Thorsteinson & Love, 2016) (Marsh & Mueter, 2020) specifically in relation to sea-ice concentration (Ocean Ecosystem Model: Hayashida et al, 2019;Steiner et al, 2019). Recently remodelled B. saida embryonic thermal tolerance under ocean acidification (Dahlke et al, 2018), acoustic survey abundance estimates in relation to sea ice and temperature change (Huntington et al, 2020), and backtracked biophysical models of B. saida larval recruitment in the Barents Sea show a northward retreat has begun with the potential loss of critical spawning hotspots (Huserbråten et al, 2019).…”

West Greenland ichthyoplankton and how melting glaciers could allow Arctic cod larvae to survive extreme summer temperatures

“…In the Canadian Arctic, warmer sea surface temperature (SST), earlier ice breakup, and their positive effects on zooplankton densities, have been linked with higher Arctic cod recruitment (Bouchard et al 2017;LeBlanc et al 2020). Hence in High Arctic seas, Arctic cod populations could benefit from climate change in the short and medium term (Bouchard et al 2017;Steiner et al 2019;LeBlanc et al 2020). However, in Low Arctic and Subarctic seas, Arctic cod recruitment and abundance are declining or expected to decline in the near future mainly in response to increasing temperatures (Drost et al 2016;CAFF 2017;Huserbråten et al 2019;Marsh and Mueter 2020).…”