Impact of parity on bone metabolism throughout the reproductive cycle in sows

Abstract

Bone metabolism fluctuates throughout the reproductive cycle of sows to enable foetal growth and milk production. Although increased bone mineralisation is conceivable in sows during reproduction, a study of mineralisation in function of parity has not been performed. This study evaluated the fluctuations of markers for bone metabolism in primiparous and multiparous sows throughout a reproductive cycle. The experiment included ten multiparous and five primiparous commercial hybrid sows from one herd. The sows were monitored for one reproductive cycle and fed according to commercial dietary standards. Blood samples were taken in the morning before feeding at fixed time intervals before (day -5) and during gestation (insemination (day 0), 21, 42, 63, 84), around parturition (day 108, 112, parturition (115), 118), and during lactation (day 122, 129, 143). Serum osteocalcin (OC) concentration increased in early and mid-gestation ( P = 0.002) and decreased at the end of gestation ( P = 0.001), whereas crosslaps (CTX) concentration decreased during early and mid-gestation ( P = 0.002) and increased towards the end of gestation ( P = 0.001). Towards the end of lactation serum levels of both markers increased ( P = 0.007 and 0.013, respectively). For hydroxyproline (HYP) no significant fluctuation in function of the reproductive cycle was detected. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) concentration increased towards parturition for both primiparous and multiparous sows ( P = 0.001), whereas during lactation no significant fluctuations in function of the reproductive cycle were found. A parity effect was found for OC and CTX ( P < 0.010), but not for the other markers. These results demonstrate that bone metabolism differed between primiparous and multiparous sows, although in both groups a similar fluctuation throughout the reproductive cycle was observed.

Association between methylation potential and nutrient metabolism throughout the reproductive cycle of sows

“…Earlier studies in ruminants and sows suggested this tissue mobilisation for nutrients from bone around parturition (Liesegang et al, 2000;van Riet et al, 2016) and in this study as the (non-significant) TA B L E 2 Bodyweight (BW) (mean ± SEM) and back fat thickness (BF) (mean ± SEM) throughout the reproduction cycle of sows The ratio of 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine to acetylcarnitine was studied as an estimator for the less efficient energy production through formation of ketone bodies (Livesey & Elia, 2004;van der Meulen et al, 1997;Theil, Olesen, Flummer, Sorensen, & Kristensen, 2013). Acetylcarnitine and 3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine mirror the mitochondrial acetyl-coenzyme A and β-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A pool, respectively, and its ratio reflects the relative scarcity of metabolites available for the citric acid (TCA) cycle (Verbrugghe et al, 2010).…”

Influence of mastitis metritis agalactia (MMA) on bone and fat metabolism

“…Bone markers (CTX-I, OC) showed significant differences between MMA and healthy sows. It is well known that markers for bone resorption increase at the end of gestation due to the rapid growth of the foetuses and at the beginning of lactation in several species including swine (Liesegang et al, 2005;van Riet et al, 2016), ruminants (Liesegang et al, 2000;Liesegang, Risteli, & Wanner, 2007), equine (Filipović, Stojević, Prvanović, & Tuček, 2010) and humans (Kaur et al, 2003;Naylor, Iqbal, Fledelius, Fraser, & Eastell, 2000). In this study, MMA-affected sows showed a catabolic bone metabolism, which can be linked to higher serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

“…Calcium (Ca) is released simultaneously with P, and the bone thus becomes unstable (Liesegang, Loch, Bürgi, & Risteli, 2005). In sows, markers for bone formation decrease at start of lactation and markers for bone resorption increase in late gestation and rise significantly after farrowing due to the start of lactation (van Riet et al, 2016). At the same time, markers for bone resorption are increasing, and osteocalcin (OC), a marker for bone formation, decreases.…”

“…At the same time, markers for bone resorption are increasing, and osteocalcin (OC), a marker for bone formation, decreases. This reflects the increased requirements for skeletal development of foetuses and milk production, which dietary Ca and P may not meet (Liesegang et al, 2005;van Riet et al, 2016). Another interesting fact is the known connection between inflammation, respectively, the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and bone metabolism.…”

Modélisation du besoin en calcium de la truie reproductrice et variation du rapport phosphocalcique des aliments selon le niveau de performance

“…Cette mobilisation est très rapide au regard de la vitesse de renouvellement de l'os en situation d'équilibre qui est évaluée à 10 % par an en moyenne chez l'Homme adulte (Kenkre et Bassett, 2018) avec des différences importantes selon le type d'os (os cortical : 4 % vs. os spongieux : 25 % ; Lefèvre, 2016). La résorption de l'os s'accentue pendant la lactation (van Riet et al, 2016), dès lors que la capacité maximale d'ingestion de la truie est atteinte plus tôt que le pic de lactation. Quand elle est provoquée par un déficit en calcium ou en phosphore, il s'ensuit inexorablement la libération de l'autre élément.…”