Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view.

Abstract

It is generally argued that parental use of specific discipline techniques (e.g., reasoning vs. power assertion) differentially affects a child's internalization. This article offers an expanded formulation. Internalization as a result of discipline is proposed to be based on a child's accurate perception of the parental message and acceptance or rejection of it. Mechanisms promoting acceptance are perceptions of the parent's actions as appropriate, motivation to accept the parental position, and perception that a value has been self-generated. Features of the misdeed, discipline technique, child, and parent that affect accurate perception and acceptance-rejection are outlined. Other goals besides internalization, such as movement beyond the parent's position, maintenance of the child's selfesteem, and maintenance of the parent-child relationship, are discussed.

Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities.

“…Indeed, the notion of goodness-of-fit specifies that the aims and impact of parenting practices vary according to child characteristics such as temperament (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994;Grusec et al, 2000;Grusec & Kuczynski, 1980;Kochanska, 1997;Maccoby, 1992). Parenting that serves to modulate child approach reactivity could have a powerful influence on emotional self-regulation.…”

Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of effortful control and social competence in preschool children

“…Also, parents who use reasoning, predictable control strategies, and who encourage autonomy provide their children opportunities to develop self-regulatory abilities (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994). In addition, parental scaffolding, that is the provision of support or direction contingent on the child's need for it, is related to emotion regulation (Katz, Wilson, & Gottman, 1999) and predicts executive abilities (Landry, Miller-Loncar, Smith, & Swank, 2002).…”

Socialização parental e valores: um estudo com adolescentes

“…No entanto, Paulson e Sputa (1996) compararam a percepção de pais e mães de adolescentes americanos com a percepção dos filhos e encontraram que a percepção de ambos os pais acerca do seu grau de responsividade e exigência é mais elevada do que a percepção dos filhos. Em outros estudos, como o de Grusec e Goodnow (1994), foi acentuada a importância dos processos de caráter mais cognitivo, como é o caso da percepção das mensagens parentais, na construção e aquisição de valores. Por fim, outros estudos compararam se os valores dos filhos e dos pais coincidem, mostrando que não.…”

“…Isto porque as técnicas atuam de forma diferente no processo de internalização/interiorização. Observe-se que, mesmo divergindo na concepção do que seja internalização, a compreensão de que as técnicas atuam no processo de internalização é partilhada por diferentes teóricos (Aronfreed, 1976;Grusec, 2002;Grusec & Goodnow, 1994;Hoffman, 1970;Piaget, 1932).…”