Impact of Education and Economic Growth on Labour Migration in the European Union. A Panel Data Analysis

Abstract

Since migration is considered to play an important role on the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDG’s) this study analyses the reversed perspective of the migration-SDG’s nexus. The data set consists of 308 observations on 28 European Union countries (including the United Kingdom) over a time span of 11 years (between 2008 and 2018). The analysis employed various stages of estimation in order to compare different results obtained from the panel data regression models. Besides the classical panel data regression models, the paper includes the estimation of Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond model that uses the Generalized Method of Moments (also known as GMM) as an econometric tool to solve the endogeneity of the selected variables. The focus is on two sustainable development goals: labour and economic growth, and education of the European Union member states plus the United Kingdom. The results showed that there is a significant influence of the selected variables on the migration flows at the European Union level. Although there are some contradictory results regarding the direction and statistical significance of the link between the variables of interest, most estimators do not have fundamentally different results. The GDP per capita keeps its positive impact on migration by generating an immigration flow towards countries with high GDP per capita. Economic growth proves to be the main trigger of migration, while education also plays an important role in shaping migration. The importance of this study derives from the reversed perspectives analysis, considering migration as being directly influenced by the achievement of the sustainable development goals.

Air Pollution, Health Shocks and Labor Mobility

“…The iemport is calculated by the proportion of the total imports and exports on GDP, and the region with higher openness will have more job opportunities to attract labor inflow [42]; (3) The regional education level (pere). Education has an important impact on labor migration [43]. The pere is calculated by the weighted education level per capita, and the region with the higher education level is more likely to be a developed region, and to attract labor inflow (the specific calculation formula of per capita education level is as follows: the average number of years of education for the labor force =the proportion of illiterate and semi-illiterate in the employed population *1.5+ the proportion of the employed population receiving primary education); (4) The industrial structure (thr).…”

The Value of Art in Persuasive Marketing Communication and Its Sustainable Effect on the Country of Origin

“…Cultural differences in predicting equity theory [102] are important for a country's sustainable development. Istudor et al [17] noted that migration to EU member states plus the United Kingdom is also directly influenced by "the achievement of the sustainable development goals" of countries. Romanian cultural heritage is "a proud remembrance of the heritage conveyed" [103] and of the sustainable environment [19].…”

“…Marketing communication, as an important cultural phenomenon in modern society [7,16], has only been tangentially examined in terms of sustainability [17][18][19]. Although there are studies in the scientific literature related to modern persuasion practices [20][21][22][23][24][25], few studies have analyzed the associated ethical issues [26,27].…”