Impact in the United States of the Shiga Dysentery Pandemic of Central America and Mexico: A Review of Surveillance Data through 1972

Weissman, Jack B.; Marton, Keith I.; Lewis, John N.; Friedmann, Claude T. H.; Gangarosa, Eugene J.

doi:10.1093/infdis/129.2.218

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…During this gap, large outbreaks occurred in Central America: Guatemala in 1968–69 [20,21]; El Salvador [22], Honduras [22], Mexico in 1969 [23]; and Costa Rica in 1970 [22]. A 1972 manuscript mentioned a large outbreak in Bangladesh, although Sd1 is reported to be endemic in this region [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Guérin

Grais²,

Røttingen

et al. 2007

BMC Public Health

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Background: The volume, extent and speed of travel have dramatically increased in the past decades, providing the potential for an infectious disease to spread through the transportation network. By collecting information on the suspected place of infection, existing surveillance systems in industrialized countries may provide timely information for areas of the world without adequate surveillance currently in place. We present the results of a case study using reported cases of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (Sd1) in European travellers to detect "events" of Sd1, related to either epidemic cases or endemic cases in developing countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Guérin

Grais²,

Røttingen

et al. 2007

BMC Public Health

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“…When it was introduced into the United States during a massive Central American epidemic (Table 3), the secondary spread (i.e. in the absence of waterborne transmission) was insufficient to maintain the pathogen; the number of new infections from a given infection was approximately 0-4 (calculated from [170]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne transmission and the evolution of virulence among gastrointestinal bacteria

Ewald

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYDiarrhoeal diseases are primary contributors to millions of deaths annually. Yet, little is known about the evolutionary reasons for the differences in virulence among gastrointestinal pathogens. Applying the comparative, cost/benefit approach of evolutionary biology this paper proposes that waterborne transmission should favour evolution towards high virulence. This hypothesis is supported by a cross-specific test, which shows that waterborne transmission is strongly correlated with the virulence of bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens of humans. Alternative explanations of this correlation are not supported by available data. These findings bear on public health policy because they draw attention to a previously unrecognized long-range benefit gained from purification of water supplies: diarrhoeal pathogens may evolve to lower levels of virulence.

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“…But in this case as well, evidence indicates that severe diarrheal diseases cannot successfully invade where infrastructure blocks transmission from very sick people. The inability of Shigella dysentery type 1 to spread within the US during a massive epidemic in Mexico, for example, implicates the effectiveness of protected water supplies; a CDC study in Los Angeles showed that in the absence of waterborne transmission, transmission was insufficient to perpetuate the outbreak (Weissman et al 1974).…”

Section: Environmental Influences On Disease Emergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of virulence, environmental change, and the threat posed by emerging and chronic diseases

Ewald

2011

Ecological Research

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Assessments of future threats posed by infection have focused largely on zoonotic, acute disease, under the rubric ''emerging diseases.'' Evolutionary and epidemiological studies indicate, however, that particular aspects of infrastructure, such as protected water supplies, vector-proof housing, and health care facilities, protect against the emergence of zoonotic, acute infectious diseases. While attention in the global health community has focused on emerging diseases, there has been a concurrent, growing recognition that important chronic diseases, such as cancer, are often caused by infectious agents that are already widespread in human populations. For economically prosperous countries, the immediacy of this threat contrasts with their infrastructural protection from severe acute infectious disease. This reasoning leads to the conclusion that chronic infectious diseases pose a more significant threat to economically prosperous countries than zoonotic, acute infectious diseases. Research efforts directed at threats posed by infection may therefore be more effective overall if increased efforts are directed toward understanding and preventing infectious causes of chronic diseases across the spectrum of economic prosperity, as well as toward specific infrastructural improvements in less prosperous countries to protect against virulent, acute infectious diseases.

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Impact in the United States of the Shiga Dysentery Pandemic of Central America and Mexico: A Review of Surveillance Data through 1972

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Waterborne transmission and the evolution of virulence among gastrointestinal bacteria

Evolution of virulence, environmental change, and the threat posed by emerging and chronic diseases

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