Immunomodulatory Effects of Flavonoids: Possible Induction of T CD4+ Regulatory Cells Through Suppression of mTOR Pathway Signaling Activity

Abstract

The increasing rate of autoimmune disorders and cancer in recent years has been a controversial issue in all aspects of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Among dietary factors, flavonoids have specific immunomodulatory effects that might be of importance to several cancers. Over different types of immune cells, T lymphocytes play a critical role in protecting the immune system as well as in the pathogenesis of specific autoimmune diseases. One of the important mediators of metabolism and immune system is mTOR, especially in T lymphocytes. In the current review, we assessed the effects of flavonoids on the immune system and then their impact on the mTOR pathway. Flavonoids can suppress mTOR activity and are consequently able to induce the T regulatory subset.

Phytopharmaceuticals mediated Furin and TMPRSS2 receptor blocking: can it be a potential therapeutic option for Covid-19?

“…Luteolin had potent activity against wild-type and clinical isolates of HSV-2 (EC 50 22.4 and 27.5 µg/ml and EC 99 at 40.2 and 49.6 µg/ml ( Ojha et al ., 2015 ), and replication of dengue virus via Furin proprotein convertase inhibition ( Peng et al ., 2017 ). Additionally, luteolin possess anti-seditious ( Aziz et al ., 2018 ) and immunomodulatory activity ( Hosseinzade et al ., 2019 ). However, the designed and predicted Phyto-compounds needs to have interacted with the host cell surface receptor with optimal inhibition, as well as constant and stable binding at pharmacological relevant concentration.…”

Ethanolic Extract of Xestospongia Sp. Induces CD4+ and CD14 Cells Levels on Wistar Male Rat Infected with Staphylococcus aureus

“…increases phagocytic activity possibly affected by flavonoids contain in it characterized by increased levels of CD 4+ and CD 14 cells, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood. 16…”

Differential Modulation of the Phospholipidome of Proinflammatory Human Macrophages by the Flavonoids Quercetin, Naringin and Naringenin

“…Among other roles, PIs act as substrates of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), which catalyze their phosphorylation to phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIP), known to act as second messengers in multiple cellular processes [ 36 ]. The ability of flavonoids like quercetin and fisetin to inhibit the PI3K signaling pathway has been linked mostly to their anticancer activity, while its relation to immune responses is still unclear [ 12 ]. Our results further showed that several PS species decreased upon quercetin treatment, while displaying increased levels in naringin-treated cells.…”

“…Recently, the modulation of immune cells’ intracellular metabolism has also been associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids. These compounds were proposed to suppress the glycolysis-promoting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in T helper (Th) inflammatory cells, leading to induction of T regulatory cells [ 12 ]. Moreover, flavonoid-mediated metabolic reprogramming of macrophages has been previously reported by us [ 13 ].…”