Immunological properties of mesenchymal stem cells and clinical implications

Abstract

The rapid evolution of experimental data has acknowledged the critical relevance of immune biology in stem cell research. It appears that efficient transfer of stem cells to patients requires robust analyses of the immune properties as well as the responses of the stem cells to immune mediators. This review discusses the biology of adult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the context of immunology. MSCs are pluripotent, self-renewing cells with the potential for tissue regeneration, for example the repair of bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. MSCs have also been shown to transdifferentiate into cells of ectodermal origin, such as neurons. MSCs are located in perfused areas of adult bone marrow, whereas hematopoietic stem cells are located in poorly perfused areas of the same organ. MSCs show bimodal, i.e. anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing, immune responses. MSCs also regulate immune responses such as the regulation of antibody production by B cells, alterations in T cell subtypes, and immune tolerance of allogeneic transplants. MSCs also have the potential for gene delivery. This review explores the diverse clinical potential for MSCs and discusses the limitations and advantages of their immunomodulatory properties.

Adipose mesenchymal stromal cells minimize and repair radiation-induced oral mucositis

“…In our present study, we were able to reproduce our results with the 5 dose protocol of The mechanisms of action hypothesized for MSCs anti-inflammatory properties have been investigated in many studies [55][56][57][58][59][60]. aMSCs showed enhanced anti-inflammatory IL-10 secretion [73] together with decreased pro-inflammatory TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1β and their downstream effects on various elements of the immune system.…”

“…CD11b and CD45) [74][75][76]. In addition to their multilineage differentiation potential, aMSCs have anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory and paracrine effects [55][56][57][58][59][60]. They also have the ability to home to the site of tissue injury after irradiation and inflammation [74,77,78].…”

“…MSCs are multipotent progenitor cells that have multi-lineage differentiation potential and recently identified anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that have been applied in numerous current preclinical and clinical studies [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70].…”

Células-tronco mesenquimais

“…As MSC tornaram-se foco de atenção terapêutica em razão de seu potencial imunomodulatório (WAN et al, 2008), embora os mecanismos de imunossupressão sobre a resposta inflamatória e sobre os mecanismos de rejeição ao transplante não estejam totalmente elucidados (PATEL et al, 2008).…”

Inflammatory mediators: Parallels between cancer biology and stem cell therapy

“…An abundance of MSCs leads to immunosuppressive behavior, whereas sparse MSC presence induces immunostimulation. 47 MSCs have the ability to suppress immune reactions via activating T reg cells and preventing the maturation of functional dendritic cells. 48,49 This is of particular relevance to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants because T-cell-derived infl ammatory cytokines such TNF-α and IFN-γ suppress hematopoiesis.…”