Immune responses to influenza virus infection

Kreijtz, Joost H. C. M.; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Rimmelzwaan, Guus F.

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.022

Cited by 285 publications

(280 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…SIV was used as a reference viral infection since it is resolved even by GF piglets by well-established mechanisms [4,5]. Using this approach we hoped to gain insight into why PRRSV and PCV2 infections are not readily resolved like SIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccines for PCV2 protect animals from clinical signs but the virus is not eliminated [3]. Limitation of vaccines against SIV that uses genetic reassortment is known [4]. Nevertheless, even germ-free (GF) piglets lacking passive antibodies (Abs) can resolve SIV infection within 6-7 days post challenge [5] whereas resolution of PRRSV [6,7] and PCV2 [8] infections is delayed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This delay may result from the ability to block, postpone or dysregulate an effective host immune response allowing the diseases to become pandemic. Since the mechanism of the successful resolution of SIV infection are well described [4] but no such information exist for delayed resolution of PRRSV and PCV2 infections, we wished to compare the lymphocyte profile of GF and SIV infected piglets with those infected with PRRSV and PCV2 in a setting in which only the virus can be responsible for the changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

Šinkora

Butler

Lager

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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Lymphocyte subsets isolated from germ-free piglets experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were studied and the profile of these subsets among these three infections was monitored. Germ-free piglets were used since their response could be directly correlated to the viral infection. Because SIV infections are resolved even by colostrum-deprived neonates whereas PRRSV and PCV2 infections are not, SIV was used as a benchmark for an effectively resolved viral infection. PRRSV caused a large increase in the proportion of lymphocytes at the site of infection and rapid differentiation of B cells leading to a high level of Ig-producing cells but a severe reduction in CD2 -CD21 + primed B cells. Unlike SIV and PCV2, PRRSV also caused an increase in terminally differentiated subset of CD2 + CD8α + γδ cells and polyclonal expansion of major Vβ families suggesting that non-specific helper T cells drive swift B cell activation. Distinct from infections with SIV and PRRSV, PCV2 infection led to the: (a) prevalence of MHC-II + T cytotoxic cells, (b) restriction of the T helper compartment in the respiratory tract, (c) generation of a high proportion of FoxP3 + T cells in the blood and (d) selective expansion of IgA and IgE suggesting this virus elicits a mucosal immune response. Our findings suggest that PRRSV and PCV2 may negatively modulate the host immune system by different mechanisms which may explain their persistence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

Šinkora

Butler

Lager

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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“…The extent of the epidemic is impacted by viral fitness and population immunity, with virus replication controlled by HA and NA-specific antibodies that block virus entry and release, and influenza-specific CD4 + or CD8 + T cells that secrete cytokines with antiviral properties, or kill infected cells [2]. Influenza has a segmented RNA genome, and consequently lacks genetic proof-reading ability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative Differences in T cell responses to Live, Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines

Eichelberger¹,

Rivers²,

Ream³

et al. 2012

J Clin Cell Immunol

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Annual epidemics of influenza cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) and live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) are licensed in the United States, and both are effective in preventing disease in persons younger than 49. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers correlate with TIV but not LAIV efficacy, suggesting that additional effector mechanisms are induced to the live, attenuated vaccine and play an important role in protection against disease. For this reason there is a need to identify surrogate markers of LAIV efficacy that are easily measured in robust assays. We have compared the immunogenicity of TIV and LAIV in a small clinical study (16 age-matched volunteers in each vaccine group) by measuring serologic responses using traditional HI and NA inhibition assays as well as a sensitive cell-based neutralization assay. In addition, we evaluated cellular responses by measuring the quantity and quality of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8 + T cells following vaccination. The quality of the CD4 + T cell response was different for each vaccination group, with CD4 + T cell proliferation and increased secretion of IFN-γ characteristic of responses following immunization with LAIV, while antigen-specific T cells that secreted IL-5 were more frequently measured from TIV recipients. Our results suggest that sensitive, serologic assays with broad specificity, together with CD4 + T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion provide a more complete measure of the immunogenicity of LAIV in adults, and could be used to enhance the identification of vaccine responders.

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“…Bereits durch Antigendrifts kann sich das Influenzavirus derart verändern, dass Antikörper, die gegen frühere Varianten des Influenzasubtyps gebildet wurden, keinen oder nur einen partiellen Schutz gegen eine Infektion durch die veränder-te Variante bieten [5]. Dadurch fehlt nach durchgemachter Infektion oder nach Impfung eine langanhaltende Immunität, was wiederum zum Auftreten jährlicher Influenzawellen führt.…”

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Hintergrundpapier der STIKO: Evaluation der bestehenden Influenzaimpfempfehlung für Indikationsgruppen und für Senioren (Standardimpfung ab 60 Jahren)

Remschmidt

Harder

Wichmann

et al. 2016

Bundesgesundheitsbl

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Immune responses to influenza virus infection

Cited by 285 publications

References 170 publications

The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

The comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the T and B cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses SIV, PRRSV or PCV2

Qualitative Differences in T cell responses to Live, Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines

Hintergrundpapier der STIKO: Evaluation der bestehenden Influenzaimpfempfehlung für Indikationsgruppen und für Senioren (Standardimpfung ab 60 Jahren)

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